1981]. A Seattle legacy : the Olmsted parks / prepared by Seattle Department of Parks & Recreation. [Seattle, Wash. :: s.n.,
Olmsted Brothers
Parks -- Washington (State) -- Seattle
Photocopy. [S.l. : s.n., 1981?]
A collection of essays, articles and maps related to the history of parks in Seattle and the emergence of the Olmstead Brothers. A review of property acquisition and design, including the acreage of each parcel, follows. Numerous Seattle park maps form the early 20th century are included.

1991. The role of corridors.

1997. Metapopulation biology : ecology, genetics, and evolution.

(2003). Portland Metropolitics: A Regional Agenda for Community and Stability, Coalition for a Livable Future.

(2003). Greenspaces Program, Oregon Fish & Wildlife Office.
Outlines the greenspaces program surrounding the Portland metropolitan region, identifying pertinent groups, aquisition guidelines, and a comprehensive list of natural area greenspace.

(2003). Greenspace Alliance of Canada's Capital.

(2003). LEAM, University of Illinois Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Deapartment of Geography.
LEAM is a computer-based tool that simulates land use change across space and time.

[1994]. King County comprehensive plan : executive proposed plan : technical appendices / King County Parks, Planning and Resources Department. [Seattle] :: The Department,
Regional planning -- Washington (State) -- King County
Land use -- Washington (State) -- King County
Cover title
"June 1994."
History, vision and application of Comprehensive Plan for King County. This report includes sections on land use, transportation, housing, capital facilities, utilities, economic development, neighborhood planning, human development, cultural resources and environment. There is also a color, future land use map provided.

Acharya, G. and Bennett, L. L. 2001. Valuing open space and land-use patterns in urban watersheds. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 22(2-3): 221-237.
hedonic property value; urban watersheds; land use; spatially
referenced data
hedonic housing prices; quality; externalities; amenities;
economics; ecology; rents; life; gis; air
Cited Reference Count: 29
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BOCKSTAEL N, 1997, CONFLICT COOPERATION
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BRASHARES FN, 1982, THESIS U MICHIGAN
CHESHIRE P, 1995, ECONOMICA, V62, P247
CLAPP JM, 1997, J HOUS ECON, V6, P368
FEENBURG D, 1980, MEASURING BENEFITS W
FORMAN R, 1985, LAND MOSAICS ECOLOGY
FREEMAN AM, 1993, MESUREMENT ENV RESOU
GEOGHEGAN J, 1997, ECOL ECON, V23, P251
GRILICHES Z, 1971, PRICE INDEXES QUALIT
HARRISON D, 1978, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V5, P81
HAURIN DR, 1980, J URBAN ECON, V7, P384
LANSFORD NH, 1995, J AGR APPL EC, V27, P212
LEGGETT CG, 2000, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V39, P121
LI MM, 1980, LAND ECON, V56, P125
MURDOCH JC, 1988, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V15, P143
ODLAND J, 1988, SPATIAL AUTOCORRELAT
PALMQUIST R, 1991, MEASURING DEMAND ENV
PALMQUIST RB, 1992, J URBAN ECON, V31, P59
POGODZINSKI JM, 1991, REGIONAL SCI URBAN E, V24, P601
POTEPAN MJ, 1996, REAL ESTATE ECON, V24, P219
ROBACK J, 1982, J POLITICAL EC, V90, P1257
ROSEN S, 1979, CURRENT ISSUES URBAN
ROSEN S, 1974, J POLITICAL EC, V82, P34
TURNER MG, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P171
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J REAL ESTATE FINANC ECON
This article presents the results of a hedonic property value analysis for an urban watershed in New Haven County, Connecticut. We use spatially referenced housing and land-use data to capture the effect of environmental variables around the house location. We calculate and incorporate data on open space, land-use diversity, and other environmental variables to capture spatial variation in environmental quality around each house location. We are ultimately interested in determining whether variables that are reflective of spatial diversity do a better job of describing human preferences for housing choice than broad categories of rural versus urban areas. Using a rich data set of over 4,000 houses, we study these effects within a watershed that includes areas of high environmental quality and low environmental quality as well as varying patterns of socioeconomic conditions. Our results suggest that, in addition to structural characteristics, variables describing neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and variables describing land use and environmental quality are influential in determining human values. We also find that the scale at which we measure these spatially defined environmental variables is important.

Ahn, C. and Mitsch, W. J. 2002. Scaling considerations of mesocosm wetlands in simulating large created freshwater marshes. Ecological Engineering 18(3): 327-342.
scaling; scale; mesocosm; constructed wetlands; phosphorus
retention; net aboveground primary productivity; ecosystem
complexity; Olentangy River Wetland Research Park
ecosystem engineers; self-design; ecology; restoration;
microcosms; organisms; nutrient; dynamics; systems; removal
Cited Reference Count: 63
Cited References:
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*SAS I INC, 1988, SAS STAT US GUID VER
ADEY WH, 1991, DYNAMIC AQUARIA
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ALPER J, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P1195
ARCHER D, 1992, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V37, P614
BANSE K, 1982, MARINE MESOCOSMS, P11
BERG GM, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V44, P1331
BEYERS RJ, 1993, ECOLOGICAL MICROCOSM
BLOESCH J, 1988, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V159, P297
BOSTROM B, 1982, ARCH HYDROBIOL BEIH, V18, P5
BOUCHARD V, 1998, OLENTANGY RIVER WETL, P61
BOYNTON WR, 2001, SCALING RELATIONS EX, P299
BUSNARDO MJ, 1992, ECOL ENG, V1, P287
CALLAWAY JC, 1997, RESTOR ECOL, V5, P135
CARPENTER SR, 1988, COMPLEX INTERACTIONS
CARPENTER SR, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P667
CARPENTER SR, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P324
CHEN CC, 1997, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V155, P1
CLEMENTS WH, 1988, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V45, P2017
DAY FP, 1989, WETLANDS, V9, P263
DESZALAY FA, 1996, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V25, P303
ELDER JF, 1997, MESOCOSM EXPT ASSESS
FAIRWEATHER PG, 1998, AUST J ECOL, V23, P1
GALE PM, 1993, WATER ENVIRON RES, V65, P162
GARDNER RH, 2001, SCALING RELATIONS EX
GIDDINGS JM, 1979, INT J ENVIRON STUD, V13, P119
GRICE GD, 1982, MARINE MESOCOSMS BIO
GRY MB, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V44, P1331
HORNE AJ, 1991, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V57, P43
JOHNSON BT, 1986, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V5, P473
JONES CG, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P1946
JONES CG, 1994, OIKOS, V69, P373
KADLEC R, 1996, TREATMENT WETLANDS
KANGAS P, 1996, ECOL ENG, V6, P224
KEMP WM, 1980, DOE S SERIES, V52, P911
KORENY JS, 1999, WETLANDS, V19, P182
KRAUFVELIN P, 1998, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V222, P247
LALLI CM, 1990, CONTRIBUTION SCI COM, V85
LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943
LIPTAK MA, 2000, THESIS OHIO STATE U
MACNALLY R, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V99, P229
MITSCH WJ, 1998, BIOSCIENCE, V48, P1019
MITSCH WJ, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P77
MITSCH WJ, 1998, OLENTANGY RIVER WETL, P71
MITSCH WJ, 2000, WETLANDS
NAIRN RW, 2000, ECOL ENG, V14, P107
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ECOL ENG
To explore the effects of experimental scale on ecological functions in wetlands, flow-through mesocosm wetlands (1 m(2)) were compared over the first two growing seasons to a large, created, flow-through wetland (10000 m(2)) over four growing seasons. Hydrology was generally similar with mean hydraulic loading rates of 7.8 cm day(-1) for the large wetland (excluding an extensive flooding year of 1995) and 6.3 cm day(- 1) for mesocosms. Mean hydraulic retention time was 2.1 days for the large wetland and 1.7 days for mesocosms. Temperature of surface water decreased slightly from inflow to outflow in mesocosms, while it increased in the large wetland. Conductivity of water in mesocosms showed no significant changes from inflow to outflow, while it decreased significantly in the large wetland. Phosphorus was retained effectively in the large wetland for 3 of 4 years and was retained in the mesocosms during the first of 2 years. Phosphorus was exported in the second year in the mesocosms, when dissolved oxygen (DO) and redox potential dropped significantly. Net aboveground primary productivity was similar between mesocosm wetlands ( similar to 353 g m(-2) year(-1)) and the large wetland ( similar to 380 g m(-2) year(-1)). Extensive shading with no open space may have led to cooler water temperatures and lower water column productivity in the densely vegetated mesocosms than in the large wetland in the second year. Less surface turbulence in the mesocosms due to less fetch affected DO too. These conditions may have stimulated development of reduced conditions in mesocosm soils more rapidly than in the large wetland, thereby causing the release of phosphorus. Scale of experiments and mesocosm artifacts must be considered before the results from mesocosm studies are generalized to large field-scale wetlands. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Albright, E. D. 1997. Green space, green time: The way of science - Barlow,C. Library Journal 122(18): 110-110.
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Bancroft-G-Thomas, S.-A.-M., Carrington-Mary. 1995. Deforestation and its effects on forest-nesting birds in the Florida Keys. Conservation-Biology. 9(4): 835-844.

species found nowhere else in the continental United States. Before European settlement there were 4816 ha of seasonal deciduous forest in the keys. By 1991 the extent of this seasonal deciduous forest had decreased by 41%, the number of fragments increased by an order of magnitude, and the acreage in large fragments decreased by 84%. To examine the effects of fragment size on the presence of breeding birds, we censused bird populations of singing males that occurred in 27 forest that ranged in size from 0.2 ha to more than 100 ha. We also examined the occurrence of forest-breeding species at road-stop census points relative to nine measures of habitat around these points, Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) and Black-whiskered Vireos (Vireo altiloquus) were found singing in virtually all fragments. The distribution of Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) occurred independently of the size of forest fragments but was positively correlated with other measures of forest area. Great Crested Flycatchers (Myiarchus crinitus) occurred independently of fragment size and showed no correlations with other measures of habitat. White-eyed Vireos (V. griseus) were not present in fragments smaller than 2.3 ha. Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus) were not present in fragments smaller than 3.5 ha, but their numbers showed the highest positive correlations with the percentage of area in lawns and were negatively correlated with measures of total forest area. Yellow-billed (Coccyzus americanus) and Mangrove (C. minor) Cuckoos were absent from fragments smaller than 7.5 ha and 128 ha, respectively. The effective habitat loss for the four "area-sensitive" species exceeds the actual loss of deciduous forest. To maintain viable populations of species native to the seasonal deciduous forests of the Florida Keys will require protection of additional acreage of upland habitat from deforestation. A network of reserves that maintains dispersal possibilities among the remaining larger forest fragments is crucial.

Banister, D., Watson, S. and Wood, C. 1997. Sustainable cities: Transport, energy, and urban form. Environment and Planning B-Planning & Design 24(1): 125-143.
gasoline consumption
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Cited References:
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*DOE, 1994, SUST DEV UK STRAT
*DOT, 1988, NAT TRAV SURV
*DOT, 1993, TRANSP STAT GREAT BR
*LCC, 1990, CENTR LEIC TRANSP ST
*MILT KEYN BOR COU, 1990, UNPUB MILT KEYN BOR
*MIS, 1988, COUNT WID TRANSP SUR
*MKDC, 1992, PLANN MILT KEYN
*MVA, 1988, GREAT LEIC TRANSP ST
*OCC, 1993, BANB TRANSP STUD
*OCC, 1992, OXF STRUCT PLAN
*OFSTR VERK, 1991, ALM PERSP, V2015
*TEST, 1991, CHANG TRAV BETT WORL
BAE CHC, 1994, AUTOMOBILES ENV METR
BANISTER D, 1994, EU THERMIE JUPITER E
BANISTER D, 1992, SUSTAINABLE DEV URBA, P160
BANISTER D, 1995, TRANSPORT RES A-POL, V29, P21
BANISTER D, 1996, TRANSPORT REV, V16, P23
BANISTER D, 1994, WP10 U COLL LOND PLA
BREHENY M, 1993, BUILT ENV, V18
BREHENY M, 1995, CITIES COMPETITION P, P402
BREHENY M, 1995, I BRIT GEOGR ANN C U
FROST M, 1994, UNPUB ESTIMATING PAS
GORDON P, 1991, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V57, P416
GORDON P, 1989, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V55, P342
HOWARD D, 1990, ENERGY TRANSPORT ENV
HUGHES P, 1993, PERSONAL TRANSPORT G
JONES P, 1989, BUILT ENV, V15, P231
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NEWMAN P, 1989, CITIES AUTOMOBILE DE
NEWMAN PWG, 1989, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V55, P24
NEWMAN PWG, 1991, TRANSPORT REV, V11, P249
OWENS S, 1992, BUILT ENV, V18, P242
RICKABY PA, 1991, ENVIRON PLANN B, V18, P153
ROBERTS J, 1992, PTRC ANN C MANCH SEP
WOOD C, 1994, PASSENGER TRANSPORT
WOOD C, 1994, PTRC ANN C MANCH SEP
WE417
ENVIRON PLAN B-PLAN DESIGN
This paper extends the debate over the ideal of the sustainable city, particularly as it relates to transport, by providing empirical evidence, from five case-study cities in the United Kingdom and one in the Netherlands on the links between urban form and energy consumption in transport. It also links energy use measures to the physical, economic, and social structure of the city to determine whether there are significant relationships. Energy-use measures combine all the characteristics of travel (mode, distance, and frequency), together with occupancy, to give a new set of composite measures of travel. The conclusions reached are mixed in that significant relationships have been found, principally between energy use in transport and physical characteristics of the city, such as density, size, and amount of open space. But comparability problems make it difficult to establish definitive relationships.

Barlow, E. 1980. Nature in Cities - the Natural-Environment in the Design and Development of Urban Green Space - Laurie,Ic. Landscape Architecture 70(4): 418-419.
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LAURIE IC, 1979, NATURE CITIES NATURA
JY721
LANDSCAPE ARCHIT

Bates, L. J. and Santerre, R. E. 2001. The public demand for open space: The case of Connecticut communities. Journal of Urban Economics 50(1): 97-111.
open space; urban sprawl; demand for public goods
willingness-to-pay; contingent valuation; goods; prices;
elasticities; income
Cited Reference Count: 32
Cited References:
1999, NORWICH B 0111, PA1
1999, NORWICH B 0320, PB1
1999, NORWICH B 0409, PA9
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*CO TOWN POL EC CO, 1997, CONN MUN BUDG 1995 1
*STAT CONN, 1999, CONN STAT REG
*STAT CONN DEP ENV, 1993, STAT COMPR OUTD RECR
*STAT CONN OFF POL, 1996, MUN FISC IND 1993 19
*STAT CONN OFF POL, 1993, UNPUB
*USDA, 1992, CENS AGR
BERGSTROM TC, 1973, AM ECON REV, V63, P280
BOLITZER B, 2000, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V59, P185
BORCHERDING TE, 1972, AM ECON REV, V62, P891
BREFFLE WS, 1998, URBAN STUD, V35, P715
BRUECKNER JK, 2000, INT REGIONAL SCI REV, V23, P160
CORRELL MR, 1978, LAND ECON, V54, P207
CUMMINGS RG, 1999, AM ECON REV, V89, P649
DITNER J, 1998, OPEN SPACE MANTRA PL
DO AQ, 1995, J REAL ESTATE FINANC, V10, P261
FISHER RC, 1996, STATE LOCAL FINANCE
FLORES NE, 1997, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V33, P287
FRECH HE, 1984, J URBAN ECON, V16, P105
GRAMLICH EM, 1973, BROOKINGS PAPERS EC, P15
HAUSMAN JA, 1978, ECONOMETRICA, V46, P1251
LERNER S, 1999, EC BENEFITS PARKS OP
PACK H, 1978, NATL TAX J, V31, P349
PERKINS GM, 1977, NATL TAX J, V30, P411
SANTERRE RE, 1985, LAND ECON, V61, P119
THOMAS HL, 1991, EC BENEFITS LAND CON
WEICHER JC, 1973, LAND ECON, V49, P99
WHITE H, 1980, ECONOMETRICA, V48, P817
450UT
J URBAN ECON
At both the state and national levels, public policies are being designed to stimulate the demand for locally owned open space. Yet very little is known about the factors that influence the demand for open space and the sensitivity of demand to price and income. To fill the void, this study uses data for Connecticut cities and towns to estimate the public demand for open space. The empirical results suggest that the demand for open space is relatively insensitive to changes in price but highly responsive to changes in income. The findings also show that federal and state open space may tend to crowd out locally owned open space and that locally owned open space represents a highly congestable good. Finally, the analysis indicates that privately owned open space is not a good substitute for locally owned public open space. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Bissonette, J. A., Ed. (1997). Wildlife and landscape ecology : effects of pattern and scale.

BLAKE-J-G, K.-J.-R. 1987. BREEDING BIRDS OF ISOLATED WOODLOTS AREA AND HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS. Ecology 68(6): 1724-1734.

We investigated breeding bird communities of isolated woodlots (1.8-600 ha) in east-central Illinois [USA] during three summers (1979-1981) to compared the influence of area and habitat on community structure. Woodlots supported from 9 to 43 species and composition was relatively constant among years. Ecological generalists dominated small woodlots while more specialized species increased in importance with area. Area accounted for most variation (86-98%) in total species number in each year and the species-area relationship did not change significantly among years. The amount of variance accounted for by area was greater than in previous studies. Neither habitat norm woodlot isolation explained significant additional variation in total species richness after area. Area accounted form most variation in number of species in different migratory and breeding habitat categories, except for short-distance migrants, which correlated most strongly with habita. Variation in bird species numbers in most cases. Abundances of one-third to one-half of species examined correlated with woodlot area, but a greater proportion (66-72%) were influenced more strongly by habitat variables. Results from Illinois support previous conclusions that species that breed in forest interior habitat and winter in the tropics are most likely to be adversely affected by a reduction in forest habitat. Results also show that bird communities in isolated tracts of forest are not random assemblages, but rather that species found in smaller woodlots are subsets of species found in larger forests

Blank, G. B., Parker, D. S. and Bode, S. M. 2002. Multiple benefits of large, undeveloped tracts in urbanized landscapes - A North Carolina example. Journal of Forestry 100(3): 27-32.
conservation; land use
Cited Reference Count: 15
Cited References:
*CAR POW LIGHT CO, 1982, SHEAR HARR NUCL POW
*NCNHP, 1993, BIENN PROT PLAN
*SIERR CLUB, 1988, ENV IMP POP GROWTH N
ASHE WW, 1897, B N CAROLINA GEOLOGI, V6
BELVIN L, 1983, HERITAGE WAKE COUNTY
BODE S, 1997, THESIS N CAROLINA ST
CHRISTENSEN NL, 1989, J FOREST HIST, V33, P116
COOPER AW, 1989, P PIN HARDW TYP MIXT
HESS GR, 2000, STATE OPEN SPACE 200
PARKER DS, 1998, THESIS N CAROLINA ST
PEET RK, 1998, CASTANEA, V63, P262
SCHAFALE MP, 1990, CLASSIFICATION NATUR
SCHAFALE MP, 1994, INVENTORY LONGLEAF P
WAHLENBERG WG, 1946, LONGLEAF PINE ITS US
WALKER LC, 1966, B AUSTIN STATE U SCH, V2
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J FOREST
In North Carolina's Research Triangle region, development pressures threaten open space. Expanding municipalities and suburban sprawl have isolated public lands as private landowners subdivide or sell to developers. Large holdings owned by a private corporation and amassed to buffer a nuclear power facility and its reservoir remain intact. These holdings provide unexpected public benefits and foster conservation of a rare plant community type revealed through interdisciplinary research. The landowner's support for research and restoration underscore the important role private corporations can play in achieving community conservation goals.

Bolitzer, B. and Netusil, N. R. 2000. The impact of open spaces on property values in Portland, Oregon. Journal of Environmental Management 59(3): 185-193.
open spaces; hedonics; economics
housing prices; externalities
Cited Reference Count: 14
Cited References:
1997, ECONOMIST, V344, P21
1999, SUNSET, V203, P82
CHRIST J, 1995, OREGONIAN 1012, PA6
CORRELL MR, 1978, LAND ECON, V2, P207
CROPPER ML, 1988, REV ECON STAT, V70, P668
DO AQ, 1995, J REAL ESTATE FINANC, V10, P261
DOSS CR, 1996, J AGR RESOUR ECON, V21, P120
FRECH HE, 1984, J URBAN ECON, V16, P105
FREEMAN AM, 1993, MEASUREMENT ENV RESO
LI MM, 1980, LAND ECON, V56, P125
LUPI F, 1991, P918 U MINN DEP AGR
MAHAN BL, 1997, 97R1 IWR US ARM CORP
PRITCHARD A, 1999, NATURE CONSERVAN SEP, P6
WEICHER JC, 1973, LAND ECON, V49, P99
355KW
J ENVIRON MANAGE
Open spaces such as public parks, natural areas and golf courses may have an influence on the sale price of homes in close proximity to those resources. The net effect of open- space proximity is theoretically uncertain because the positive externalities associated with proximity such as a view or nearby recreation facility might be outweighed by negative externalities, for example, traffic congestion and noise. The impact of open-space proximity and type is examined empirically using a data set that includes the sales price for homes in Portland, Oregon, a major metropolitan area in the United States, geographic information system derived data on each home's proximity to an open-space and open-space type, and neighborhood and home characteristics. Results show that proximity to an open-space and open-space type can have a statistically significant effect on a home's sale price. These estimates provide an important step in quantifying the overall benefit from preserving open spaces in an urban environment. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

Breffle, W. S., Morey, E. R. and Lodder, T. S. 1998. Using contingent valuation to estimate a neighbourhood's willingness to pay to preserve undeveloped urban land. Urban Studies 35(4): 715-727.
growth controls; housing prices; quality; values; demand; life
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CAMERON TA, 1987, NONMARKET RESOURCE V
CARSON RT, 1993, CHOICES, P5
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DALEJOHNSON D, 1990, J REAL ESTATE FINANC, V3, P165
DESVOUSGES WH, 1993, CHOICES, P9
DIAMOND PA, 1994, J ECON PERSPECT, V8, P45
FRECH HE, 1984, J URBAN ECON, V16, P105
GATZLAFF DH, 1993, J REAL ESTATE FINANC, V6, P147
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MITCHELL RC, 1989, USING SURVEYS VALUE
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Contingent valuation (CV) is used to estimate a neighbourhood's willingness to pay (WTP) to preserve a 5.5-acre parcel of undeveloped land in Boulder, Colorado, that provides views, open space and wildlife habitat. Households were surveyed to determine bounds on their WTP for preservation. An interval model is developed to estimate sample WTP as a function of distance, income and other characteristics. The model accommodates individuals who might be made better off by development and addresses the accumulation of WTP responses at zero. Weighted sample WTP estimates are aggregated to obtain the neighbourhood's WTP, This application demonstrates that contingent valuation is a flexible policy tool for land managers and community groups wanting to estimate WTP to preserve undeveloped urban land.

Bright, A. D., Barro, S. C. and Burtz, R. T. 2001. Attitudes toward the protection and restoration of natural areas across three geographic levels: An examination of interattitude consistency. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31(11): 2301-2321.
model; values
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BARNES TG, 1993, FOR63 U KENT COLL AG
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Brothers, O. 1905]. Report of Olmsted Brothers adopted by the [Seattle] City Council, October 19, 1903. [Seattle,: Lowman & Hanford,
Parks -- Washington (State) -- Seattle
City planning -- Washington (State) -- Seattle
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This article argues that urban spatial expansion results mainly from three powerful forces: a growing population, rising incomes, and falling commuting costs. Urban growth occurring purely in response to these fundamental forces cannot be faulted as socially undesirable, but three market failures may distort their operation upsetting the allocation of land between agricultural and urban uses and justifying criticism of urban sprawl These are the failure to account for the benefits of open space, excessive commuting because of a failure to account for the social costs of congestion and failure to make new development pay for fire infrastructure costs it generates. Precise remedies for these market failures are two types of development taxes and congestion tolls levied on commuters. Each of these remedies leads to a reduction in the spatial size of the city.

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As the fifth largest public lands manager in the federal government, the U.S. Department of Defense hosts significant wildlife populations on many of its large military bases in exurban and rural areas of the United States. As the military's mission began to change in the late twentieth century, Congress authorized the closure of several large bases. This closure legislation, however, makes no direct provision for the preservation of open space generally or wildlife habitat conservation specifically on these closed bases, This article presents case study research on the closure of two air force bases roughly equal in size and natural resource attributes. At one base, nearly a fourth of the land mass was preserved as a wildlife refuge; while at the other, all significant wildlife habitat was destroyed by real estate development. The two most significant factors accounting for the radical difference in these two base closure cases were (1) the political culture of the communities surrounding the bases and (2) the relative presence of what Harvard political scientist Robert Putnam refers to as social capital. Several administrative measures can be taken within the Department Of Defense and at the state and local level to increase the likelihood that the nation's wildlife heritage is better preserved in future base closures than is now usually the case.

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ARCHITECTURE

Carles, J. L., Barrio, I. L. and de Lucio, J. V. 1999. Sound influence on landscape values. Landscape and Urban Planning 43(4): 191-200.
soundscape; perception; acoustic; ecology
environmental preference
Cited Reference Count: 25
Cited References:
AMPHOUX P, 1991, 94 CRESSON
ANDERSON LM, 1983, ENVIRON BEHAV, V15, P539
ARNHEIM R, 1983, ARTE PERCEPCION VISU
BARRIO IL, 1997, CALIDAD SONORA VALEN
BARRIO IL, 1995, SOUNDSCAPE NEWSLETTE, V10, P6
BERNALDEZ FG, 1985, INVITACION ECOLOGIA
BERNALDEZ FG, 1989, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V28, P53
BJORK EA, 1995, ACTA ACUST, V3, P83
BJORK EA, 1986, J SOUND VIBRATION, V109, P339
CARLES J, 1992, LANDSCAPE RES, V17, P52
DELUCIO JV, 1996, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V34, P135
FIDELL S, 1981, J SOUND VIBRATION, V78, P291
FRANCES R, 1979, PSYCHOL ART ESTHETIQ
HERRINGTON S, 1993, ENV PSYCHOL, V13, P283
KAPLAN R, 1989, ENVIRON BEHAV, V21, P509
KAPLAN R, 1987, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V14, P161
MEREDITH MA, 1987, J NEUROSCI, V10, P3215
MILGRAM S, 1970, SCIENCE, V167, P1461
PARLITZ D, 1993, CONTRIBUTION PSYCHOL
SCHAFER MR, 1976, TUNING WORLD
SOUTHWORTH M, 1969, ENVIRON BEHAV, V1, P49
STANNERS D, 1995, EUROPES ENV DOBRIS A
STEIN BE, 1993, MERGING SENSES
VIOLLON S, 1997, ACT 4 C FRANC AC, V1, P311
ZWICKER E, 1990, PSYCHOACOUSTICS FACT
176NV
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
In order to study the influence of the interaction between visual and acoustic stimuli on perception of the environment, 36 sound and image combinations were presented to 75 subjects. The sounds and images used were of natural and semi-natural settings and urban green space. Affective response was measured in terms of pleasure. The results show a rank of preferences running from natural to man-made sounds, with the nuance of a potential alert or alarm-raising component of the sound. The potential for alert or alarm-raising may be related, over and above the information content or meaning, to the characteristics of the sound frequency spectrum, specifically to the existence of frequency bands whose sound levels impose themselves on the acoustic background. The congruence or coherence between sound and image influences preferences, Coherent combinations are rated higher than the mean of the component stimuli. Results suggest that there is a need to identify places or settings where the conservation of the sound environment is essential, because of its salient informational content or due to the drastic impact of the loss of sound quality on observer appreciation, for example, in urban green spaces, natural spaces and cultural landscapes. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Clergeau, P., Savard, J. P. L., Mennechez, G. and Falardeau, G. 1998. Bird abundance and diversity along an urban-rural gradient: A comparative study between two cities on different continents. Condor 100(3): 413-425.
avifauna structure; biodiversity; Canada; France; landscape
ecology; urban ecosystem
species-diversity; urbanization; communities; habitats;
finland; ecology; winter
Cited Reference Count: 51
Cited References:
*SAS I INC, 1989, SAS STAT US GUID VER, V1
ADAMS LW, 1994, URBAN WILDLIFE HABIT
BATTEN LA, 1972, BIRD STUDY, V19, P157
BLAIR RB, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P506
CLERGEAU P, 1996, NATURES SCI SOC, V4, P102
DAVIS AM, 1978, ENVIRON CONSERV, V5, P299
DEGRAAF RM, 1987, MAN NATURE METROPOLI, P107
DEGRAAF RM, 1976, THESIS U MASSACHUSET
DETWYLER TR, 1972, URBANIZATION ENV PHY
DOWD C, 1992, J FIELD ORNITHOL, V63, P455
DUVIGNEAUD P, 1974, SYNTHESE ECOLOGIQUE
EMLEN JT, 1974, CONDOR, V76, P184
FORMAN RTT, 1986, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
GAUTHIER Y, 1996, BREEDING BIRDS QUEBE
GILBERT OL, 1989, ECOLOGY URBAN HABITA
HILL GE, 1993, BIRDS N AM
HOHTOLA E, 1978, ORNIS SCAND, V9, P94
HUHTALO H, 1977, BIRD STUDY, V24, P179
ISENMANN P, 1990, BIOL INVASIONS EUROP, P245
JOHNSEN AM, 1987, INTEGRATING MAN NATU, P123
JOKIMAKI J, 1996, J BIOGEOGR, V23, P379
JOKIMAKI J, 1993, ORNIS FENNICA, V70, P71
KREBS CJ, 1989, ECOLOGICAL METHODOLO
LANCASTER RK, 1979, CAN J ZOOL, V57, P2358
LUCID VJ, 1974, THESIS VIRGINIA POLY
LUNIAK M, 1990, URBAN ECOLOGICAL STU
MAGURRAN AE, 1988, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
MARCHETTI M, 1976, THESIS U SAINT JEROM
MCDONNELL MJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1232
MCDONNELL MJ, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC, P175
MICHELSON W, 1970, MAN HIS URBAN ENV SO
MILLS GS, 1989, CONDOR, V91, P416
MUNYENYEMBE F, 1989, AUST J ECOL, V14, P549
NATUHARA Y, 1996, ECOL RES, V11, P1
NUORTEVA P, 1971, ANN ZOOL FENN, V8, P547
OLIPHANT LW, 1985, RAPTOR RES, V19, P56
PAQUIN J, 1995, BREEDING BIRDS QUEBE, P574
PETRAITIS PS, 1989, Q REV BIOL, V64, P393
PONTIER D, 1991, ACTES C EC URB MIONS, P132
SAVARD JPL, 1982, CAN J ZOOL, V59, P924
SAVARD JPL, 1978, THESIS U TORONTO ONT
SEARS AR, 1991, NATL I URBAN WILDLIF, V2, P75
SODHI NS, 1992, CAN J ZOOL, V70, P1477
STEARNS FW, 1974, COMMUNITY DEV SERIES, V14
SVENSSON S, 1974, ACTA ORN, V14, P322
TATIBOUET F, 1981, THESIS U C BERNARD L
TAYLOR K, 1987, ACTA OECOL, V8, P293
THOMPSON PS, 1993, BIRD STUDY, V40, P120
VALE TR, 1976, CALIFORNIA J BIOGEOG, V2, P157
VOOUS KH, 1960, ATLAS EUROPEAN BIRDS
WEBER WC, 1972, THESIS U BRIT COLUMB
109EH
CONDOR
We compared the avifauna in two cities, Quebec (Canada) and Rennes (France), in order to define general responses of wildlife in an urban ecosystem. These cities have a similar urban structure that permits investigation along an urbanization gradient from downtown to rural residential areas. However, they are in opposite temperate climate and imbedded in a forested and an agricultural landscape, respectively. Plots ranging from 10 to 20 ha were surveyed in winter and spring by recording all birds seen or heard. Most plots could be located along a gradient according to proportions of vegetated open space. Both the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices of diversity indicated a pattern of increasing diversity from most to least urbanized areas in spring. Winter species diversity and richness was low in Quebec compared to Rennes, reflecting the much harsher winter conditions in Quebec. Breeding densities of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were quite similar in Quebec and Rennes, as were densities of European Blackbirds (Turdus merula) and its ecological equivalent in Quebec, the American Robin (Turdus migratorius). The type of surrounding landscape can not explain the Variation of species numbers within the city. If we examine the urban environment as a new ecological system rather than a degraded environment, we can regroup birds in two major species groups: the omnivorous species adapted to the urban environment and its particular food resources such as garbage and the species that find, in the urban environment, resources which they normally exploit in their usual habitat.

Committee, W. S. P. Washington State Parks Committee Annual Report. From 1921-22, 1925-26, 1936-42, 1949-66 a report on the development, acquisition, operation, education, administration and budget for the Washington state parks.


Conference, P. S. G. 1974. Inventory of Park and Rec Area. Central Puget Sound Area. Park, Inventory, Acquisition

Provides lists of governement agencies with easy reference to Park and Recreation inventories of other governement agencies. The inventories are are divided by county, city, government agency as well as by the specific parks themselves. Parks are divided by status: proposed acquisition, undeveloped aquired land and developed acquired land. All of these designated areas are listed alng with their acreage.

Cooper, D. S. 2002. Geographic associations of breeding bird distribution in an urban open space. Biological Conservation 104(2): 205-210.
bird distribution; urbanization; open space; Puente-Chino
Hills; Southern California
community
Cited Reference Count: 13
Cited References:
*SAS I, 1996, SAS VER 6 12 WIND
BOLGER DT, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P406
BRADLEY RA, 1980, W BIRDS, V11, P1
COOPER DS, 2000, W BIRDS, V31, P4
EMLEN JT, 1974, CONDOR, V76, P184
GARRETT K, 1981, BIRDS SO CALIFORNIA
HAMILTON R, 1996, BIRDS ORANGE COUNTY
HOSMER DW, 1989, APPL LOGISTIC REGRES
LESICA P, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P753
MILLS GS, 1989, CONDOR, V91, P416
SAWYER J, 1995, MANUAL CALIFORNIA VE
SIMBERLOFF D, 1994, IBIS, V137, PS105
SOULE ME, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P75
533ZA
BIOL CONSERV
The Puente-Chino Hills, extending west into the highly urbanized Los Angeles Basin, represent one of the largest expanses of lowland habitats in the region. During spring and early summer of 1997 and 1998, birds and vegetation surveys were conducted to clarify the influence of geographical position in the distribution of birds in the hills. Using logistic regression, the inclusion of longitudinal position as a variable is shown to make a statistically significant contribution to bird species presence beyond that of habitat alone for 12 of the 49 most commonly detected species. Species more common than would be expected based on habitat in the east were typical of grassland and open habitats, whereas those more common in the west were characteristic of tall scrub or urban habitats. Thus, species' distributions in the hills are likely influenced by landscape-scale vegetation patterns and by the aggregate amount of urbanized areas in the west. This emphasizes the importance of using geographical position as a variable when analyzing patterns in bird distribution and siting conservation areas. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Council, K. C. W. M. K. C. 1996]. King County park, recreation, and open space plan / adopted by Metropolitan King County Council. [Seattle, Wash. :: The Council,
Parks -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Recreation -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Open spaces -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Cover title
"June 17, 1996."
"This version does not include maps, charts, or photographs."
Consists of a review of all open space in king County. Structured in to natural (rivers and lakes) systems as well as functional (greenways/belts) systems. The document goes on to highlight current proposals and future plans for open space in King County.

Cranz, G. 1989. The politics of park design; A history of urban parks in America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

This book is divided into two categories; historical overview of park usage and the politics of park design. The first section examines the historical trends for park creation in the urban environment of America from 1850 - mid-1990s. Split into four distinct eras, it examines and elucidates on the need for parks from a social and political perspective. The second section of the book makes a more in-depth examination of political underpinning in park establishment, users and activities within parks, and assessing the social benefits to support the author's vision of the role of parks within the city. The role of parks within the urban environment is a direct response to the social and political climate of the city at the time.

Crompton, J. L. 2001. The impact of parks on property values: A review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research 33(1): 1-31.
parks; open space; property values
Cited Reference Count: 55
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1928, PLAYGROUND MAR, P633
*DIV RECR RES PLAN, 1961, EC EST NAT PARK
ACKERMAN FL, 1940, PLANNERS J, V6, P53
ALLEN PG, 1985, LEISURE SCI, V7, P467
ARTHUR LM, 1983, J LEISURE RES, V15, P245
BARRON JC, 1970, AM J AGR ECON, V52, P365
BRECHER R, 1963, NATL CIVIC REV OCT, P478
BROWN TL, 1983, UNPUB STATE PARKS RE
CHANDLER HP, 1920, PARK INT NOV, P250
COOK E, 1994, EC BENEFITS PARKS OP
CORRELL MR, 1978, LAND ECON, V54, P207
COUGHLIN RE, 1973, 4 U PENNS REG SCI RE
CROMPTON JL, IN PRESS J PARK RECR
CROMPTON JL, 1997, J PARK RECREATION AD, V15, P37
CURTIS RE, 1993, THESIS U MARYLAND
DAANE KE, 1964, EC IMPLICATIONS REGI
DUNN WH, 1912, P 14 ANN C AM ASS PA, P30
EPP DJ, 1971, J LEISURE RES, V3, P17
FELDMAN JW, 1929, PLAYGROUND RECRE SEP, P375
FOX T, 1990, URBAN OPEN SPACE INV
GARTNER WC, 1996, J TRAVEL RES SUM, P64
HAGEN JW, 1982, INT REV RES MENT RET, V11, P1
HAMMER TR, 1974, J AM I PLANNERS, V40, P274
HENDON WS, 1972, REAL ESTATE APPR SEP, P73
HENDON WS, 1967, SOCIOLOGICAL EC IMPA
HERRICK C, 1940, PLANNERS J, V6, P94
HERRICK C, 1939, PLANNERS J, V5, P89
HUUS RO, 1935, FINANCING MUNICIPAL
KAPLAN R, 1990, EXPERIENCE NATURE
KIMMEL MM, 1985, THESIS MIAMI U OXFOR
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LEWIS NP, 1923, PLANNING MODERN CITY
LI NM, 1980, LAND ECON, V56, P125
LITTLE CE, 1969, CHALLENGE LAND
LITTLE CE, 1990, GREENWAYS AM
LYON DW, 1972, THESIS U CALIFORNIA
MARTIN D, 1994, NY TIMES 1115, PA16
MORE TA, 1988, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V15, P139
MORE TA, 1982, PARKS RECREATATI AUG, P31
NELSON AC, 1986, AM PLANNING ASS SPR, P156
NOLEN J, 1937, PARKWAYS LAND VALUES
SAINSBURY C, 1964, THESIS U WASHINGTON
SCHROEDER TD, 1983, J LEISURE RES, V15, P247
SCHROEDER TD, 1982, J LEISURE RES, V14, P223
SIMON DE, 1976, PUBLIC INTEREST, V44, P27
STOREY CJ, 1927, PLAYGROUND SEP, P324
TIBBETS J, 1998, OPEN SPACE CONSERVAT
VOEGEL JA, 1986, THESIS NEW YORK U NE
VROOMAN DH, 1978, AM J ECON SOCIOL, V37, P165
WEICHER JC, 1973, LAND EC MAY, P99
WEIR LH, 1926, PARKS MANUAL MUNCIPA
WEIR LH, 1928, PARKS MANUAL MUNICIP
WEISS SH, 1966, LAND ECON, V42, P230
WONDER RL, 1965, UNPUB ANAL ASSESSED
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The real estate market consistently demonstrates that many people are willing to pay a larger amount for a property located close to a park than for a house that does not offer this amenity. The higher value of these residences means that their owners pay higher property taxes. In many instances, if the incremental amount of taxes paid by each property which is attributable to the presence of a nearby park is aggregated, it is sufficient to pay the annual debt charges required to retire the bonds used to acquire and develop the park. This process of capitalization of park land into the value of nearby properties is termed the "proximate principle." Results of approximately 30 studies which have empirically investigated the extent and legitimacy of the proximate principle are reported, starting with Frederick Law Olmsted's study of the impact of New York's Central Park. Only five studies were not supportive of the proximate principle and analysis of them suggested these atypical results may be attributable to methodological deficiencies. As a point of departure, the studies' results suggest that a positive impact of 20% on property values abutting or fronting a passive park area is a reasonable starting point. If it is a heavily used park catering to large numbers of active recreation users, then the proximate value increment may be minimal on abutting properties, but may reach 10% on properties two or three blocks away.

Denis A. Saunders, R. J. H. 1991. The role of corridors.

Dept, K. C. W. P. [1963]. Park site selection study : preliminary report / King County Planning Department. [Seattle?] :: The Dept.,
Parks -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Outdoor recreation -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
"November 1963."
Description of existing park and recreation aeras. Includes a description and ranking of all proposed sites.

Division, K. C. W. D. o. P. a. C. D. P. 1977. King County park policy : task force report / King County Division of Planning. Seattle :: The Division,
Parks -- Washington (State) -- King County
Cover title
v. 1-2. Regional park and recreation system proposals.--v. 3. Local and subregional park and recreation system proposals
Addresses the future direction of county parks and recreation. Delivery and financing of county wide parks and recreation facilities.

Dix, G. 1980. Nature in Cities - the Natural-Environment in the Design and Development of Urban Green Space - Laurie,Ic. Town Planning Review 51(3): 351-352.
Cited Reference Count: 1
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LAURIE IC, 1979, NATURE CITIES NATURA
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TOWN PLAN REV

Duke, J. M. and Aull-Hyde, R. 2002. Identifying public preferences for land preservation using the analytic hierarchy process. Ecological Economics 42(1-2): 131-145.
farmland preservation; purchase of development rights programs;
land use; analytic hierarchy process
farmland preservation; environmental-policy; development
rights; valuation; programs; goals; foundation; economics;
values
Cited Reference Count: 35
Cited References:
ACZEL J, 1983, J MATH PSYCHOL, V27, P93
ALHO JM, 1997, FOREST SCI, V43, P521
BERRY D, 1976, AM J ECON SOCIOL, V35, P113
DUKE JM, 2002, LAND USE ISSUES DELA
FURUSETH OJ, 1987, GROWTH CHANGE, V18, P49
GARDNER BD, 1977, AM J AGR ECON, V59, P1027
GOLDEN BL, 1989, ANAL HIERARCHY PROCE
GOWDY JM, 2001, ECOL ECON, V39, P223
GREGORY R, 2001, ECOL ECON, V39, P37
HEIMLICH RE, 2001, 283 USDA ERS NASS, P3
KELSEY TW, 1998, P PERF STAT PROGR FA
KLINE J, 1998, ECOL ECON, V26, P211
KLINE J, 1998, LAND ECON, V74, P566
KLINE J, 1996, LAND ECON, V72, P538
KLINE J, 1994, LAND ECON, V70, P223
LOPEZ RA, 1994, LAND ECON, V69, P52
MARTINEZALIER J, 1998, ECOL ECON, V26, P277
MAWAPANGA MN, 1996, REV AGR EC, V18, P385
MAYNARD LJ, 1998, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V53, P106
MUNDA G, 1995, MULTICRITERIA EVALUA
PETERSON DL, 1994, ENVIRON MANAGE, V18, P729
PFEFFER MJ, 1994, J RURAL STUD, V10, P233
POE GL, 1997, CHOICES, P4
ROSENBERGER RS, 1997, J AGR RESOUR ECON, V22, P296
ROSENBERGER RS, 1998, LAND ECON, V74, P557
RUSSELL C, 2001, ECOL ECON, V36, P87
SAATY TL, 1980, ANAL HIERARCHY PROCE
SAATY TL, 1977, J MATH PSYCHOL, V15, P234
SAATY TL, 1986, MANAGE SCI, V32, P841
STAGG C, 1990, OPERATIONS RES MANAG, P89
VANDENBERGH JCJM, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P43
WICHELNS D, 1993, AGR RESOURCE EC REV, V22, P150
WILLETT K, 1995, WATER MANAGEMENT CON, P453
ZAHEDI F, 1987, MATH MODELLING, V9, P387
ZUBE EH, 1989, ENVIRON MANAGE, V13, P639
578PP
ECOL ECON
Much debate exists on whether purchase of development rights programs are cost-effectively targeting the nonmarket attributes of preserved land that the public truly demands. This paper applies the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to general population survey data in order to compare the public's sources of value for the environmental, agricultural, growth control, and open space attributes of preserved land. AHP is a methodology that encourages respondents to make subtle trade- offs in nonquantifiable, nonmarket attributes of preserved land. AHP also measures the relative public preference of one attribute over another attribute. Although this methodology is entirely different from conjoint analysis and other choice- based methods for processing trade-offs for nonmarket goods, the results of AHP are highly comparable to and offer another way to adjudge the validity of these complementary methods. The results of the AHP application to data collected from Delaware residents find that public preference is strongest for the environmental and agricultural attributes of farmland, two potentially opposing attributes. Growth control and open space are found to be less important. At a more precise level, a comparison of the qualities of these attributes shows that the public favors agricultural land preservation because it protects a rural way of life, which also is seen to protect human-regarding environmental quality. Results generally validate those of Kline and Wichelns (Land Econ. 72 (1996, p. 538) and Rosenberger (Land Econ. 74 (1998, p. 557). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Enlow, C. 2000. An open space tested (Seattle's Westlake-Park failed to attract WTO demonstrations). Landscape Architecture 90(4): 140-+.
Cited Reference Count: 0
300ED
LANDSCAPE ARCHIT

Esparza, A. X. and Carruthers, J. I. 2000. Land use planning and exurbanization in the rural Mountain West - Evidence from Arizona. Journal of Planning Education and Research 20(1): 23-36.
growth machine; sprawl
Cited Reference Count: 59
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BAHL R, 1972, 6 SYR U MAXW SCH CIT
BAHL RW, 1968, J REGIONAL SCI, V8, P199
BURBY R, 1997, MAKING GOVT PLAN
DANIELS T, 1999, CITY COUNTRY COLLIDE
DANIELS T, 1995, SMALL TOWN PLANNING
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DEGROVE J, 1991, BALANCED GROWTH PLAN
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FRIEDMANN J, 1996, J PLAN EDUC RES, V15, P89
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LAMB RF, 1983, GROWTH CHANGE, V14, P40
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LEE DB, 1981, LAND USE POLICY DEBA, P149
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MOLOTCH H, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V82, P309
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Exurban development is especially prevalent in rural areas of the Mountain West, where rapid population growth has led to the conversion of vast amounts of rural land and natural open space. This article argues that traditional approaches to land use planning hasten the pace of exurbanization in rural areas of the region. Building on this premise, the article presents a conceptual process-based model that links land use planning with exurbanization and uses the model in an empirical study of exurban development in Cochise Count) Arizona. The analysis confirms expectations, with conventional planning approaches unintentionally fostering exurbanization and fueling the conversion of natural lands. Several principles are identified that should inform new approaches to land use planning in rural areas.

Executive, K. C. W. 1995]. Executive proposed King County park, recreation, and open space plan. [Seattle, Wash. :: King County Executive,
Parks -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Recreation -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Open spaces -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Cover title
"May, 1995."
This is a review of open space in King County. There are many maps showing different areas of King County at different times. Very similar to 1996 King County parks, rec and open space plan accept that this document has less qualitative text and many more maps.

Farina, A. 1998. Principles and methods in landscape ecology.
New ideas such as percolation, metapopulation and hierarchies are covered as is the management, conservation, restorartion, and sustainable development of landscapes. Methods for studying landscape ecology are covered including spatial geometry models and remote sensing.

Fausold, C. J. and Lilieholm, R. J. 1999. The economic value of open space: A review and synthesis. Environmental Management 23(3): 307-320.
conservation; economic value; land use; open space; zoning
valuation
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BURCHELL RW, 1995, LAND INFRASTRUCTURE
BURCHELL RW, 1985, NEW PRACTITIONERS GU
BURCHELL RW, 1980, PRACTITIONERS GUIDE
CLOSSER JE, 1994, ASSESSMENT J, V1, P20
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DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC
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FREEMAN AM, 1993, MEASUREMENT ENV RESO
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HUMMELINCK MGW, 1984, ENV FEATURES, V843
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KITCHEN JW, 1967, LAND ECON, V43, P357
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KRUTILLA JV, 1975, EC NATURAL ENV STUDI
KUSLER J, 1993, ENV, V35, P6
LACY J, 1990, EXAMINATION MARKET A
LADD H, 1992, EFFECTS POPULATION G
LEOPOLD A, 1949, SAND COUNTY ALMANAC
LOOMIS JB, 1993, INTEGRATED PUBLIC LA
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PARSONS GR, 1992, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V22, P25
PIZAM A, 1978, J TRAVEL RES, V16, P8
PROPST L, 1993, FISCAL EC IMPACTS LO
RODDEWIG RJ, 1993, APPRAISAL J JAN, P52
ROLSTON H, 1988, ENV ETHICS DUTIES VA
ROSE CM, 1994, ENV L, V24, P1
SAMUELSON PA, 1973, ECONOMICS
SMALL SJ, 1990, FEDERAL TAX LAW CONS
SMALL SJ, 1996, LAND PEOPLE, V8, P14
SMITH VK, 1993, LAND ECON, V69, P1
SORG CF, 1984, RM107 USDA FOR SERV
SORG CF, 1986, USDA FOREST SERVICE
SORG CF, 1985, USDA FOREST SERVICE
STEVENS T, 1990, EC VALUE BALD EAGLES
STIRLING A, 1993, ECOLOGIST, V23, P97
STONE C, 1974, SHOULD TREES HAVE ST
THIBODEAU FR, 1981, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P19
TISCHLER P, 1988, 207 MIS INT CIT MAN
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WALSH R, 1982, W J AGR EC, V7, P1
WALSH RG, 1984, LAND ECON, V60, P14
WEICHER JC, 1973, LAND ECON, V49, P99
WEISBROD B, 1964, Q J ECON, V78, P471
WEISS MA, 1987, RISE COMMUNITY BUILD
WHEELER DP, 1996, LAND USE AM, P155
171HU
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Communities increasingly face development pressures that can irreversibly alter open space lands. While the monetary costs and benefits oi development are typically known, the corresponding values of natural lands are complex and difficult to measure. This paper reviews different concepts of economic value in relation to open space, describes methods for quantifying these values, and presents examples of each from published literature. Open space benefits accruing to citizens as market values or consumers' surplus include market and enhancement values, production values, natural systems value, use and nonuse values, and various intangible values. Economic impacts that open space lands have on local communities and economies include fiscal impacts on municipal budgets, expenditures from open space-related activities, and impacts from employment and tax revenues. These values are not universally present within a given community, nor are they quantitatively additive. However, a comprehensive consideration of the multiple values of open space will better inform community decisions about land conservation and development.

Feagan, R. B. and Ripmeester, M. 1999. Contesting natural(ized) lawns: A geography of private green space in the Niagara region. Urban Geography 20(7): 617-634.
ecological naturalization; naturalization; transgression; lawn
Cited Reference Count: 33
Cited References:
1995, GREEN PLAN
*CBC, 1996, WEED FIL
*WEDI, 1996, GREAT LAK LAWNS HOM
BARTHES R, 1972, MYTHOLOGIES
BORMANN H, 1993, REDESIGNING AM LAWN
BOSCO T, 1995, ECOLOGICAL RESTORATI
CLARK C, 1986, AM FAMILY HOME 1800
COMAROFF J, 1992, ETHNOGRAPHY HIST IMA
COX G, 1988, LANDSCAPE RES, V13, P24
CRESSWELL T, 1996, PLACE OUT PLACE GEOG
DAIGLE J, 1996, RESTORING NATURES PL
DUNCAN J, 1988, ENVIRON PLANN D, V6, P117
EYLES J, 1989, HORIZONS HUMAN GEOGR, P102
FISHMAN R, 1987, BOURGEOIS UTOPIAS RI
GANS HJ, 1967, LEVITTOWNERS WAYS LI
GREGORY D, 1989, HORIZONS HUMAN GEOGR, P67
HANDLIN D, 1979, AM HOME ARCHITECTURE
JACKSON KT, 1985, CRABGRASS FRONTIER S
JENKINS V, 1994, LAWN HIST AM OBSESSI
JOHNSON L, 1995, ONTARIO NATURALIZED
KIRK J, 1996, HOME MECH MAY, P62
MITCHELL WT, 1994, LANDSCAPE POWER
MUELLERWILLE C, 1990, 230 U CHIC
POLLAN M, 1991, 2 NATURE
PRED A, 1990, MAKING HIST CONSTRUC
PRED A, 1986, PLACE PRACTICE POWER
SIBLEY D, 1995, GEOGRAPHIES EXCLUSIO
STALLYBRASS P, 1986, POLITICS POETICS TRA
TUAN YF, 1993, PASSING STRANGE WOND
VALVERDE M, 1991, AGE LIGHT SOAP WATER
WILSON A, 1991, CULTURE NATURE
WRIGHT G, 1983, BUILDING DREAM SOCIA
ZINSSER W, 1969, LIFE MAGAZINE AUG, V67, P10
274BJ
URBAN GEOGR
The lawn as material practice is historically grounded in a complex of influences that has given rise to its dominance as the appropriate landscaping form in urban and suburban North America for private green space. This occurs as a variety of ecological concerns challenge the continuation of the lawned landscape. The inability of such critique to displace this dominance attests to the ideological naturalization of the lawn. This paper examines current and historical factors that sustain the lawn's dominance and presents two interrelated findings. The first is the "social machinery" that delineates the informal and formal arrangements for upholding and monitoring landscaping practices. The second are residential property holders' perspectives on the importance of the lawn, and associations between residential yard practices and professed environmental concerns. Apparently, the lawn retains enough symbolic and material value to withstand critique, a quality that removes it from the geography of environmental concerns.

Ferris, J., Norman, C. and Sempik, J. 2001. People, land and sustainability: Community gardens and the social dimension of sustainable development. Social Policy & Administration 35(5): 559-568.
people; land; community gardens; sustainability; green space;
poverty; food security
Cited Reference Count: 15
Cited References:
*HC, 1998, 560 HC
BECK U, 1992, RISK SOC NEW MODERNI
BULLARD RD, 1994, UNEQUAL PROTECTION E
CHAVIS ME, 1997, ALTARS STREET NEIGHT
COOPERMARCUS C, 1995, GARDENS HEALTHCARE F
FERRIS JS, 2001, PEOPLE LAND SUSTAINA
GARREAU J, 1991, EDGE CITY LIFE NEW F
GOTTLIEB R, 1993, FORCING SPRING TRANS
LAPIDO D, 2001, NEW LEFT REV, P7
RODDICK J, 1993, ENV POLITICS, V2, P4
SACHS A, 1995, 127 WORLDW
SPRIGGS N, 1998, RESTORATIVE GARDENS
THOMAS C, 1993, ENV POLITICS, V2
WARNER BS, 1987, DWELL IS GARDEN
WATERS A, 1996, CHEZ PANISSE VEGETAB
491EB
SOC POLICY ADM
zCommunity gardens vary enormously in what they offer, according to local needs and circumstance. This article reports on research and experience from the USA. The context in which these findings are discussed is the implementation of Local Agenda 21 and sustainable development policies. In particular, emphasis is given to exploring the social dimension of sustainable development policies by linking issues of health, education, community development and food security with the use of green space in towns and cities. The article concludes that the use of urban open spaces for parks and gardens is closely associated with environmental justice and equity.

Filion, P. 2000. Balancing concentration and dispersion? Public policy and urban structure in Toronto. Environment and Planning C-Government and Policy 18(2): 163-189.
land-use; transport; cities; travel
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Cited References:
1998, CITY COUNCIL COMMITT
1995, GLOBE MAIL 0216, PA9
1995, TORONTO STAR 0215, PA1
1995, TORONTO STAR 0215, PA12
1990, TORONTO STAR 0307, PA1
1997, TORONTO STAR 1108, PA1
1997, TORONTO STAR 1108, PA25
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*ERNST YOUNG, 1992, AT PROJ AUD PROJ MAN
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*GOV ONT, CONSTR PROGR MIN TRA
*GOV ONT, 1970, DES DEV TOR CTR REG
*GOV ONT, 1973, GOV POL PARKW BELT W
*GOV ONT, 1997, PROV MOD PLAN EQ GTA
*GOV ONT, 1975, YORK DURH WAT SEW SY
*GOVT ONT, 1952, STAT PROV ONT 1 EL 3, PCH73
*GREAT TOR AR TASK, 1996, GREAT TOR AR TASK FO
*GTSB, 1997, CORP REP GTSB
*JOINT PROGR TRANS, TOR TRANSP STUD
*M MCD RES ASS, 1994, COMPR BUYER PROF
*MARKB PROP, MEAD NEW URB LIF STY
*METR TOR, 1990, GTA CONC FUT
*METR TOR, 1974, INT METR HOUS POL
*METR TOR, 1995, METR FACTS 1994 METR, V26
*METR TOR, 1960, OFF PLAN
*OGTA, 1991, GROW TOG URB CONS GR
*OGTA, 1991, GTA 2021 CHALL OUR F
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*PLANN DEV DEP, 1991, AT 2
*PLANN DEV DEP, 1974, ETHN CHANG 1951 1971
*ROYAL COMM FUT TO, 1992, REG TOR WAT SUST CIT
*ROYAL LEP, 1995, TOR OFF LEAS LEAS DI
*STAT CAN, 1977, 92806 STAT CAN MIN I
*STAT CAN, 1993, 93323 STAT CAN RH CO
*STAT CAN, 1997, 93357XPB STAT CAN RH
*STAT CAN, 1993, 95353 STAT CAN RH CO
*STAT CAN, 1978, 99719 STAT CAN MIN I
*TTC, 1990, 1989 ANN REP TOR TRA
*TTC, 1997, 1996 ANN REP TOR TRA
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BACHER JC, 1993, KEEPING MARKETPLACE
BALDASSARE M, 1986, TROUBLE PARADISE SUB
BARBER J, 1997, GLOBE MAIL 1029, PA11
BOURNE LS, 1992, CANADIAN J URBAN RES, V1, P69
BOURNE LS, 1991, ECON GEOGR, V67, P185
BOURNE LS, 1992, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V58, P509
CAULDFIELD J, 1974, TINY PERFECT MAYOR
CERVERO R, 1989, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V55, P136
CERVERO R, 1997, TRANSPORT RES A-POL, V31, P309
CLARK WAV, 1994, URBAN STUD, V31, P465
DENNIS M, 1972, PROGRAMS SEARCH POLI
FARROW M, 1997, GETTING TOGETHER REP
FILION P, 1996, DYNAMICS DISPERSED C
FILION P, 1996, ENVIRON PLANN A, V28, P1637
FILION P, IN PRESS INT J URBAN
FILION P, 1988, URBAN HIST REV, V17, P16
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GOLDBERG M, 1986, MYTH N AM CITY
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GORDON P, 1991, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V57, P416
HALL GB, 1988, PROF GEOGR, V40, P297
HANDFIELDJONES SE, 1993, CLIN EXP DERMATOL, V18, P253
HARRIS R, 1996, UNPLANNED SUBURBS TO
ISIN E, 1993, RESETTLING CITIES CA
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KEIL R, 1996, LOCAL PLACES AGE GLO, P1
KENWORTHY JR, 1996, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V16, P279
KLING R, 1991, POSTSUBURBAN AM
KUMAR A, 1990, REG STUD, V24, P137
LEUNG HL, 1993, RESIDENTIAL DENSITY
LORIMER J, 1970, REAL WORLD CITY POLI
MERCER J, 1991, CANADIAN CITIES TRAN, P45
MILLER G, 1997, GTA URB STRUCT ANAL
MILLS D, 1969, E MILLS NEW TOWN PRO
MILLWARD RE, 1990, ATARATIRI PRINCIPLES
MURDIE RA, 1969, 115 RP U CHIC DEP GE
MURDIE RA, 1994, CHANGING CANADIAN ME, P293
NEWMAN PWG, 1989, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V55, P24
NEWMAN PWG, 1996, LAND USE POLICY, V13, P1
NOWLAN DM, 1991, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V57, P165
PHAROAH T, 1996, LAND USE POLICY, V13, P23
PICKETT SH, 1968, U TORONTO LAW J, V18, P233
PILL J, 1988, TRANS LAND US URB FO, P57
PUSHKAREV BS, 1977, PUBLIC TRANSIT LAND
RELPH E, 1987, MODERN URBAN LANDSCA
RICHMOND AH, 1967, IMMIGRANTS ETHNIC GR
ROSE A, 1972, GOVERNING METROPOLIT
ROSE A, 1958, REGENT PARK STUDY SL
ROWE PG, 1991, MAKING MIDDLE LANDSC
SEWELL J, 1972, CITY HALL
SEWELL J, 1977, CITY MAGAZINE, V21, P28
SEWELL J, 1993, SHAPE CITY TORONTO S
SKELTON I, 1995, CANADIAN J URBAN RES, V4, P228
SLACK E, 1996, IS EC CRISIS GTA COR
STANBACK TM, 1991, NEW SUBURBANIZATION
THOMSON JM, 1977, GREAT CITIES THEIR T
TOMALTY R, 1997, COMPACT METROPOLIS G
TOMALTY R, 1996, THESIS U WATERLOO WA
WACHS M, 1993, URBAN STUD, V30, P1711
YAGI T, 1995, URBAN STUD, V32, P124
302TP
ENVIRON PLAN C-GOV POLICY
By North American standards Toronto is a concentrated agglomeration. its downtown has enjoyed spectacular growth since the 1960s; most inner-city neighbourhoods are perceived as desirable; and public transit patronage is high relative to that of same-size North American metropolitan regions. Still, it is within dispersed, car-oriented, suburbs that most post- 1950 development has taken place. This agglomeration is composed of two realms-a concentrated and a dispersed realm- differentiated by their respective land-use - transportation dynamic. The concentrated realm is defined by a considerable reliance on walking and public transportation, a mixing of land uses and overall higher employment and residential densities than elsewhere in the metropolitan region. Meanwhile, the dispersed realm is car dependent, dominated by large monofunctional zones and developed at a relatively low density. The author links the coexistence and respective importance of these two realms in the Toronto agglomeration both to the nature of urban policies implemented since 1950 and to the circumstances that have led to their adoption. The construction of expressways, suburban type land-use planning, and a generous provision of open space have abetted dispersion. By contrast, the construction of a subway system and measures encouraging the redevelopment of underused land have promoted growth within the concentrated portion of the agglomeration. It is noteworthy, however, that these measures have failed in their attempts to induce concentration beyond the prewar urbanized perimeter. The author examines the positive and negative aspects of the presence of these two realms within a given agglomeration and highlights the threat newly adopted policies represent for the concentrated realm.

Fleury-Allison-M, B.-R.-D. 1997. A framework for the design of wildlife conservation corridors with specific application to southwestern Ontario. Landscape-and-Urban-Planning. 37(3-4): 163-186.

Natural disturbances and human development can cause habitat fragmentation. Plant and animal populations can become isolated, but wildlife corridors can potentially alleviate the problem by providing linkages between isolated patches of natural areas. These connecting corridors need to be designed to create habitat appropriate for target species. This study developed a framework for design of wildlife corridors which considered both critical corridor attributes and target species. It provided a methodology for use in designing corridors to ensure appropriate species composition. Objectives included identifying and analyzing attributes which constitute a corridor. An 'ecosystem approach' for selecting guilds of target species was used. The framework was applied to a fragmented landscape case study in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Results indicated that, by applying this framework to a fragmented landscape, ecologically appropriate corridors could be designed when corridor attributes and target species were carefully analyzed. In addition, it was shown that optimal corridor designs could be altered to fit a landscape's opportunities and constraints.

Foresta, R. A. 1981. Open Space Policy; New Jersey's Green Acres Program. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press


Forman, R. T. 1995. Land Mosaics. New York: Cambridge University Press


Fung, T. and Siu, W. 2000. Environmental quality and its changes, an analysis using NDVI. International Journal of Remote Sensing 21(5): 1011-1024.
vegetation indexes; data set; avhrr; update
Cited Reference Count: 22
Cited References:
*CENS STAT DEP, 1991, HONG KONG 1991 POP C
*SPSS INC, 1993, SPSS WIND BAS SYST U
ASHWORTH JM, 1993, HONG KONG FLORA FAUN
ECKHARDT DW, 1990, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V56, P1515
EIDENSHINK JC, 1992, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V58, P809
FUNG T, 1998, GEOCARTO INT, V13, P47
FUNG T, 1992, GEOCARTO INT, V7, P33
FUNG T, 1997, HONG KONT PEARL RIVE, P83
FUNG T, 1994, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V60, P173
GUTMAN GG, 1991, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V35, P121
JENSEN JR, 1996, INTRO DIGITAL IMAGE
LO CP, 1995, INT J REMOTE SENS, V16, P17
LO CP, 1997, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V62, P143
LYON JG, 1997, PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENG, V64, P143
MARSH SE, 1992, INT J REMOTE SENS, V13, P2997
MCPHERSON EG, 1994, ECOLOGICAL CITY PRES, P151
PERRY CR, 1984, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V14, P169
RICHARDS JA, 1993, REMOTE SENSING DIGIT
TOWNSHEND J, 1991, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V35, P243
TOWNSHEND JRG, 1994, INT J REMOTE SENS, V15, P3417
TUCKER CJ, 1979, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V8, P127
WEBER C, 1992, INT J REMOTE SENS, V13, P3251
293WF
INT J REMOTE SENS
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from SPOT HRV multispectral data was used to study the changing environmental quality of Hong Kong from 1987, 1991 and 1993 to 1995. Conventional change detection techniques such as image differencing or principal components analysis helped to highlight salient changes. These techniques, however, were less effective in identifying subtle changes, in particular the amount and quality of green space. Integrating the mean NDVI values at the Tertiary Planning Unit (TPU) level with census and land-cover data showed that the NDVI values were related to woodland, tall scrubland and high-density urban areas. It was also related to the level of crowding as depicted from a factor analysis of census data. Tracing the changing pattern of mean NDVI values revealed that areas with continuous increases in NDVI values are scattered around old urban districts experiencing improved landscaping. Areas of continuous decrease in NDVI values covered a large part of rural New Territories and western Hong Kong Island revealing the urban expansion process. This provided valuable information for the assessment of environmental quality for planning and management of the environment.

Gatrell, J. D. and Jensen, R. R. 2002. Growth through greening: developing and assessing alternative economic development programmes. Applied Geography 22(4): 331-350.
economic development; green space; quality of life; smart
growth; urban forestry
urban forest amenities; environment; sacramento; impacts;
region; city
Cited Reference Count: 41
Cited References:
2001, MONEY MAGAZINE
2001, NY TIMES 0830, PB3
*CIT GAIN OFF MAN, 2001, CIT GAIN CIT OP SURV
*CIT GAIN OFF MAN, 2000, CIT GAIN CIT OP SURV
*CIT GAIN OFF MAN, 2001, CIT GAIN FY 00 01 WO
*CIT GEN, 2002, MUN COD ORD SECT 30
*CIT OC, 2002, MUN COD ORD SECT 118
*EPA, 1992, COOL OUR COMM GUID T
*OC EC DEV CORP, 2002, OEDC HOM
*TREEP, 2000, TREEP HOM PAG
ANDERSON LM, 1985, SE J APPL FORESTRY, V9, P162
BLOUIN G, 1993, 1 CAN URB FOR C CAN, P4
BROWN N, 2001, SCI TECHNOL HUM VAL, V26, P3
CALAVITA N, 1994, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V60, P483
CALAVITA N, 1992, J URBAN AFF, V14, P1
CALAVITA N, 1997, PLANNING, V63, P18
COX KR, 1995, URBAN STUD, V32, P213
DANIELS PW, 1985, SERVICE IND GEOGRAPH
ENGLISH M, 1999, FORUM APPL RES PUBLI, V14, P35
FLORES A, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V39, P295
FREILICH R, 1999, SPRAWL GROWTH SUCCES
GATRELL JD, 1999, SOC SCI J, V36, P623
GLASMEIER A, 1994, INT REGIONAL SCI REV, V16, P197
JENSEN RR, 2000, THESIS U FLORIDA
KATO Y, 1997, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V6, P1271
KUO FE, 2001, ENVIRON BEHAV, V33, P5
LARSON R, 1997, GEOCARTO INT, V12, P5
MCPHERSON EG, 1998, ATMOS ENVIRON, V32, P75
OFARRELL PN, 1993, REG STUD, V27, P385
QUATTORCHI D, 1999, HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUT
RIDD MK, 1998, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V63, P95
ROSS B, 2001, DISSENT WIN, P50
SHEA C, 1998, REPORT IS GAINESVILL
SIMPSON JR, 1998, ATMOS ENVIRON, V32, P69
SIMPSON JR, 1998, J ARBORICULT, V24, P201
SUMMIT J, 1998, ATMOS ENVIRON, V32, P1
THOMPSON D, 2001, STAR BANNER 0122
TYRVAINEN L, 2000, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V39, P205
TYRVAINEN L, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V43, P105
VOGEL R, 1989, URBAN AFF QUART, V25, P62
WEITZ J, 1999, SPRAWL BUSTING STATE
622KM
APPL GEOGR
The paper articulates how communities can capitalize on the specific benefits of urban forestry and assesses the outcomes of urban forestry efforts. To accomplish this, the paper defines the context of local economic development and urban forestry; outlines the economic, aesthetic, and ecological benefits of a smart-growth agenda that includes urban forestry; and presents two brief case studies that empirically assess the viability of urban forestry policy by measuring the dynamics of the urban canopy. The research methodology presented here can be used by policy-makers to assess policy outcomes and the overall success of smarter and greener economic development strategies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Geoghegan, J., Wainger, L. A. and Bockstael, N. E. 1997. Spatial landscape indices in a hedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GIS. Ecological Economics 23(3): 251-264.
hedonic models; spatial landscape index; spatial heterogeneity;
geographical information system
diversity; patterns; models; risk
Cited Reference Count: 34
Cited References:
BAKER WL, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V7, P291
BURGESS RL, 1981, FOREST ISLAND DYNAMI
COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P545
COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G
DORFMAN JH, 1996, J AGR RESOUR ECON, V21, P109
FITZ HC, 1996, ECOL MODEL, V88, P263
FREEMAN AM, 1993, MEASUREMENT ENV RESO
GARROD G, 1992, APPL ECON, V24, P715
GEOGHEGAN J, 1995, ASS ENV RES EC ALL S
HARRIS LD, 1988, ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P675
HUNSAKER CT, 1995, BIOSCIENCE, V45, P193
HUNSAKER CT, 1992, ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR, P997
HUNSAKER CT, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P325
LANSFORD NH, 1995, J AGR RESOUR ECON, V20, P341
MACARTHUR RH, 1967, THEORY ISLAND BIOGEO
MAGEAU MT, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P201
MICHAELS RG, 1990, J URBAN ECON, V28, P223
MOYLE PB, 1986, ECOLOGY BIOL INVASIO, P27
ONEILL RV, 1992, ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR, P1443
ONEILL RV, 1988, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V1, P153
PERRINGS C, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC
PICKETT STA, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST
PIELOU EC, 1975, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
PLOTNICK RE, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V8, P201
QUINN JF, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V75, P132
RIDKER RG, 1967, REV ECON STAT, V49, P246
ROBINSON GR, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V76, P71
RUDIS VA, 1981, FOREST ISLAND DYNAMI, P241
SCHINDLER DW, 1990, EARTH TRANSITION PAT, P425
SCHINDLER DW, 1985, SCIENCE, V228, P1395
TURNER MG, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P171
TURNER MG, 1990, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V4, P21
TURNER MG, 1987, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V1, P29
WOODLEY S, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY
YM351
ECOL ECON
This paper develops a spatial hedonic model to explain residential values in a region within a 30-mile radius of Washington DC. Hedonic models of housing or land values are commonplace, but are rarely estimated for non-urban problems and never using the type of spatial data (geographical information system or GIS) available to us. Our approach offers the potential for a richer model, one that allows for spatial heterogeneity in estimation, and one that ties residential land values to features of the landscape. Beyond the traditional variables to explain residential values, such as man-made and ecological features of the parcel and distance to cities and natural amenities, we also hypothesize that the value of a parcel in residential land use is affected by the pattern of surrounding land uses, not just specific features of point locations. We have also created and added these variables to the hedonic model by choosing an appropriate area around an observation, and calculating measures of percent open space, diversity, and fragmentation of land uses, measured at different scales around that observation. These indices have, for the most part, been significant in the models. By including two of the landscape indices developed by landscape ecologists, we have developed a model that explains land and housing values more completely, by capturing how individuals value the diversity and fragmentation of land uses around their homes. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Geoghegan, J. 2002. The value of open spaces in residential land use. Land Use Policy 19(1): 91-98.
open space; land preservation; hedonic models
contingent valuation; spatial autocorrelation; public
preferences; hedonic models; house prices; farmland; amenities;
economics; attributes; quality
Cited Reference Count: 47
Cited References:
ALONSO W, 1964, LOCATION LAND USE
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BRUECKNER JK, 1983, J URBAN ECON, V13, P216
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DUBIN RA, 1992, REG SCI URBAN ECON, V22, P433
DUBIN RA, 1988, REV ECON STAT, V70, P466
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GARROD GD, 1992, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V34, P59
GEOGHEGAN J, 1997, ECOL ECON, V23, P251
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MCMILLAN M, 1974, LAND ECON, V50, P410
MCMILLEN DP, 1995, J REGIONAL SCI, V35, P417
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MICHAELS RG, 1990, J URBAN ECON, V28, P223
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PEISER RB, 1993, J ARCHIT PLAN RES, V10, P91
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TYRVAINEN L, 2000, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V39, P205
VESTERBY M, 1997, 3 USDA ERS NRED
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522NA
LAND USE POLICY
The preservation of open spaces has become an important policy topic in many regions. Policy tools that have been used include: cluster zoning; transferable development rights; proposed land taxes to fund purchases of remaining open spaces; and private organizations that buy land. This paper develops a theoretical model of how different types of open spaces are valued by residential land owners living near these open spaces, and then, using a hedonic pricing model, tests hypotheses concerning the extent to which these different types of open spaces are capitalized into housing prices. The empirical results from Howard County, a rapidly developing county in Maryland, USA, show that "permanent" open space increases near-by residential land values over three times as much as an equivalent amount of "developable" open space, This methodology can be used to help inform policy decisions concerning open space preservation, such as effectively targeting certain areas for preservation, or as a means of creative financing of the purchase of conservation easements, through the increase in property taxes, resulting from the associated increase in property values. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Graeme Caughley, A. G. 1996. Conservation biology in theory and practice. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Science


Gregory, R. D. and Baillie, S. R. 1998. Large-scale habitat use of some declining British birds. Journal of Applied Ecology 35(5): 785-799.
bird conservation; Breeding Bird Survey; distance sampling;
line transects
corncrake crex-crex; farmland birds; south pennines; britain;
selection; ireland; england; associations; blackbirds;
demography
Cited Reference Count: 57
Cited References:
1995, BIODIVERSITY UK STEE
*JNCC, 1996, CONS IMP LIST
AKAIKE M, 1973, INT S INF THEOR, P267
ARNOLD GW, 1983, J APPL ECOL, V20, P731
BARR CJ, 1993, COUNTRYSIDE SURVEY 1
BATTEN LA, 1973, BIRD STUDY, V20, P251
BEVINGTON A, 1991, BIRD STUDY, V38, P87
BIBBY CJ, 1987, ACTA OECOL-OEC GEN, V8, P103
BIBBY CJ, 1992, BIRD CENSUS TECHNIQU
BIBBY CJ, 1985, J APPL ECOL, V22, P619
BIGNAL EM, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P413
BROWN AF, 1993, J APPL ECOL, V30, P31
BUCKLAND ST, 1993, DISTANCE SAMPLING ES
CRAMP S, 1995, BIRDS W PALAEARCTIC, V9
CRAMP S, 1994, BIRDS W PALAEARCTIC, V8
CRAMP S, 1988, BIRDS W PALEARCTIC, V5
CRICK HQP, 1992, BIRD STUDY, V39, P1
DODDS GW, 1995, MANAGEMENT GUIDE BIR
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EVANS AD, 1994, BIRD STUDY, V41, P81
FEARE CJ, 1996, BRIT BIRDS, V89, P549
FULLER RJ, 1994, BIRD NUMBERS 1992 DI, P19
FULLER RJ, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1425
FULLER RJ, 1997, ECOGRAPHY, V20, P295
GATES S, 1994, LARGE SCALE ECOLOGY, P153
GIBBONS DW, 1995, IBIS S, V137, PS75
GIBBONS DW, 1993, NEW ATLAS BREEDING B
GIBBONS DW, 1996, RSPB CONSERVATION RE, V10, P7
GREEN R, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P913
GREEN RE, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P237
GREEN RE, 1994, J APPL ECOL, V31, P677
GREEN RE, 1993, J APPL ECOL, V30, P689
GREGORY RD, 1997, BREEDING BIRD SURVEY
GREGORY RD, 1996, BREEDING BIRD SURVEY
GREGORY RD, 1997, IN PRESS P BIRD NUMB
HATCHWELL BJ, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P1114
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LAAKE JL, 1994, DISTANCE USERS GUIDE
MARCHANT J, 1996, BTO NEWS, V204, P9
MARCHANT JH, 1994, P 12 INT C IBCC EOAC, P87
MARCHANT JH, 1990, POPULATION TRENDS BR
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OCONNOR RJ, 1986, FARMING BIRDS
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164HJ
J APPL ECOL
1. Large-scale habitat use of eight species of breeding birds was considered using data collected across Britain. The species were skylark Alauda arvensis (L.), dunnock Prunella modularis (L.), blackbird Turdus merula (L.), song thrush Turdus philomelos (L.), starling Sturnus vulgaris (L.), linnet Carduelis cannabina (L.), bullfinch Pyrrhula Pyrrhula (L.) and reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus (L.). All are linked by roughly synchronous population declines over the last 25 years in southern Britain land mostly in farmland landscapes). Discussion is limited to the conservation status of these species. 2, Breeding densities were estimated for broad habitat types and these were used to estimate population sizes within habitat types. Confidence limits on the estimates were derived using a bootstrap procedure. 3. For most species considered, farmland holds a high proportion of their population tin excess of 50% for four species), reflecting the predominance of this land use across Britain. This suggests that sympathetic changes in farming practices are likely to provide the best mechanism for improving the status of these species. 4. Substantial proportions of particular species occur outside farmland, but different species occur in different habitats. A considerable proportion of skylarks occur on upland moor, bullfinches in wooded habitats, and reed buntings in riparian habitats. Conservation of this group of species thus requires appropriate management of the wider countryside, including their main habitats. 5, Habitats associated with human habitation hold > 20% of the British populations of blackbird, song thrush and starling, and considerable numbers of other species. The management of parks, gardens and other 'green space' may have an important impact on their populations and should not be neglected by conservationists.

Griffith, J. C. 1994. Open Space Preservation - an Imperative for Quality Campus Environments. Journal of Higher Education 65(6): 645-669.
Cited Reference Count: 28
Cited References:
*CORN U, 1990, CAMP PLAN, V1
*KENY C, 1991, MAST PLAN
*MI STAT U, 1968, ZON ORD
*MIAM U, 1990, ABBR PLANN GUID MIAM
*NW U, 1991, NW U MAST PLAN CONC
*OH STAT U, 1960, CAMP PLANN B, V7
*OH STAT U, 1961, CAMP PLANN STUD PHAS
*PURD U, MAST PLAN CAMP GROWS
*STAND U, 1991, CAMP PLAN 2ND CENT
*STAND U, 1987, FOOTH REG PLAN PHAS
*STAND U, 1989, LANDSC DES GUID
*STAND U, 1987, NEAR W CAMP PLAN
*U IA, 1990, CAMP PLANN FRAM
*U IL URB CHAMP, 1989, CENT CAMP MAST PLAN
*U IL URB CHAMP, 1985, N CAMP MAST PLAN
*U MI, 1963, CENT CAMP PLANN STUD
*U MI MAD, 1991, MAST PLAN
*U MN OFF PHYS PLA, 1990, LANDSC DEV PROJ ENTR
*U VA, 1990, FAC MAST PLAN
BOYER EL, 1987, COLLEGE UNDERGRADUAT
BRUEGGEBORS C, 1992, COMMUNICATION 0713
CASATI RW, 1992, COMMUNICATION 0416
DOBER RP, 1992, CAMPUS DESIGN
DOBER RP, 1963, CAMPUS PLANNING
GAINES TA, 1991, CAMPUS WORK ART
HELMAN L, 1992, MAY FAC PLANN C COL
MAYER F, 1980, PLANNING HIGHER ED, V8, P1
TURNER PV, 1990, CAMPUS AM PLANNING T
PQ954
J HIGH EDUC
This article urges higher education administrators to place greater importance upon the preservation of open space as an essential campus asset. Only thoughtful site planning pursuant to a master plan that includes strategies to preserve open space will mitigate the powerful campus forces that operate to deplete open space.

Haas, P. and Springer, J. F. 1998. Applied policy research: Concepts and cases. New York, New York: Garland Publishing Company

This book is divided into two parts. The first part includes an introduction to policy research and defining strategies for policy research in context. Referred to as situation-based policy research, the authors review critical questions that need to be addressed in this process: who will use the information, what kinds of information are needed, and what resources are available to conduct the research. A practical approach to policy research design and implementation is presented. This approach includes: defining the problem (from a client and analyst perspective); planning the research (including research design, techniques, proposal, and work plan); data collection and analysis; and presentation of results. The second part includes a series of case studies highlighting challenges of the practical model of policy analysis. The final chapter closes with lessons learned from the case study analyses and ethical challenges. The appendix includes an example of a request for proposals.
Overall, a very pragmatic approach and useful book for conducting analysis of newly implemented or proposed policies. There is no mention of historical analysis or use of secondary data sources.

Haire, S. L., Bock, C. E., Cade, B. S. and Bennett, B. C. 2000. The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space. Landscape and Urban Planning 48(1-2): 65-82.
landscape; habitat; grassland birds; limiting factors; reserve
design; management; regression quantiles
regression quantiles; birds; ecology; selection; ecosystem;
patterns; scale
Cited Reference Count: 38
Cited References:
*CIT BOULD, 1998, OP SPAC CHART MAN PL
BARRODALE I, 1974, COMMUN ACM, V17, P319
BENNETT BC, 1997, BIODIVERSITY OPEN 1
BOCK CE, 1997, CONDOR, V99, P1
CADE BS, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P311
CZAPLEWSKI R, 1994, RM316 USDA FOR SERV
DELEO GA, 1997, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V1, P3
DESANTE DF, 1994, STUDIES AVIAN BIOL, V15, P173
FLATHER CH, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P28
GOLLEY FB, 1996, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V11, P321
HAIRE SL, 1998, THESIS COLOARDO STAT
HERKERT JR, 1994, ECOL APPL, V4, P461
HURVICH CM, 1990, STAT PROBABIL LETT, V9, P259
KAISER MS, 1994, J AM STAT ASSOC, V89, P410
KAREIVA P, 1995, NATURE, V373, P299
KNICK ST, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1059
KNOPF FL, 1996, PRAIRIE CONSERVATION, PCH10
KOENKER R, 1996, 970100 OFF RES COLL
KOENKER R, 1994, APPL STAT-J ROY ST C, V43, P410
KOENKER R, 1994, ASYMPTOTIC STAT, P349
KOENKER RW, 1987, APPL STAT-J ROY ST C, V36, P383
KOTLIAR NB, 1990, OIKOS, V59, P253
MCDONNELL MJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1232
MCGARIGAL K, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P235
MCGARIGAL K, 1995, PNWGTR531 USDA FOR S
MUTEL CF, 1992, GRASSLAND GLACIER NA
NAEEM S, 1991, ECOLOGICAL HETEROGEN, PCH12
PRIBIL S, 1997, CAN J ZOOL, V75, P1835
SAAB V, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P135
STEINAUER EM, 1996, PRAIRIE CONSERVATION, PCH3
THOMSON JD, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P1698
TURNER MG, 1995, BIOSCIENCE S, PS29
WIENS JA, 1981, ECOL MONOGR, V51, P21
WIENS JA, 1989, ECOLOGY BIRD COMMUNI, V2
WIENS JA, 1989, FUNCT ECOL, V3, P385
WIENS JA, 1994, IBIS, V137, PS97
WIENS JA, 1995, MOSAIC LANDSCAPES EC, PCH1
WILSON WH, 1998, J FIELD ORNITHOL, V69, P540
305RC
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
We examine the relationships between abundance of grassland nesting songbirds observed in the Boulder Open Space, CO, USA and parameters that described landscape and habitat characteristics, in order to provide information for Boulder Open Space planners and managers. Data sets included bird abundance and plant species composition, collected during three breeding seasons (1994-1996), and landscape composition and configuration measures from a satellite image-derived land- cover map. We used regression quantiles to estimate the limitations imposed on bird abundance by urban encroachment and decreasing areas of grassland cover-types on the landscape, and habitat characteristics within 200 m diameter sample plots. After accounting for the effect of landscape grassland composition on four species (Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), Homed Lark (Eremophila alpestris), and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)), change in abundance with proportion of urban area in the landscape was consistent with the pattern expected for limiting factors that were the active constraint at some times and places. Area of preferred grassland cover-types on the landscape was important for all species, and this remained the case when habitat variables were included in combined landscape-habitat models, with one exception (Western Meadowlark). Analysis of habitat variables enabled identification of important features at the local scale (e.g. shale plant communities in Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus) habitat) that were indistinguishable using landscape data alone. Consideration of changes in the landscape due to urbanization and loss of grassland habitat are crucial for open space planning, and habitat features associated with localized and clumped bird species distributions provide important additional information. Widening the management focus to include areas that are not part of the open space system will facilitate a more complete understanding of potential limiting factor processes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Hammatt, H. 2001. Taking the high road - Designers work to preserve open space in Manhattan (Concerned citizens are fighting to preserve the High-Line track running along the Hudson River from 34th-street through West-Chelsea). Landscape Architecture 91(1): 20-20.
Cited Reference Count: 0
390HC
LANDSCAPE ARCHIT

Hansen-Andrew-J, U.-D. 1992. Avian response to landscape pattern: The role of species' life histories. Landscape-Ecology. 7(3): 163-180.

We suggest that the life histories of species within communities may differ among geographic locations and that communities from distinct biomes may respond uniquely to a given trajectory of landscape change. The paper presents initial tests relevant to these hypotheses. First, the representation of various life-history guilds in avifaunas from the Eastern Deciduous (EDF) and Pacific Northwest (PNW) forests were compared. Three guilds contained more species in the EDF community (large patch and/or habitat interior guild, small patch and/or edge guild, and fragmentation-sensitive guild). The guild of predators requiring large forest tracts was better represented in the PNW. Next, the relative sensitivity of each community to habitat change was ranked based on the life-history traits of their species. The EDF avifauna had a significantly higher index of sensitivity to both forest fragmentation and to landscape change in general. Among the birds with high scores for sensitivity to landscape change were several species that have received little conservation attention thus far including some associated with open-canopy habitats. Lastly, the validity of using life histories to predict community response to landscape change was supported by the fact that the sensitivity scores for PNW species correlated significantly with independent data on species population trends. While more rigorous analyses are suggested, we conclude that knowledge of life histories is useful for predicting community response to landscape change and that conservation strategies should be uniquely tailored to local communities

Hansen-Andrew-J, G.-S.-L., Marks-Barbara. 1993. An approach for managing vertebrate diversity across multiple-use landscapes. Ecological-Applications. 3(3): 481-496.

production. We present an approach for managing the habitats of terrestrial vertebrates at the landscape scale on multiple-use lands. The approach is based on the hypothesis that animal community response to landscape change is a function of species life histories and local patterns of landscape change. Key steps are: (1) set clear objectives; (2) associate target species with specific habitat configurations; (3) assess the potential sensitivity of species by mapping habitat suitability and examining species life histories; (4) evaluate alternative management prescriptions using simulation models; and ( 5) implement preferred or experimental strategies and monitor the responses of habitats and species. The approach was demonstrated for a watershed in western Oregon (USA). Management objectives were to maximize habitat diversity for early- and late-successional bird species and to produce saw timber at levels compatible with the habitat goals. Habitat associations of 51 bird species were described by four variables that encompass three spatial scales. An analysis of species sensitivity to landscape change revealed several species that may merit special attention. the landscape model LSPA and the gap model ZELIG.PNW were used to simulate four disturbance/management scenarios over a 140-yr period: natural fire, wood production, multiple use, and no action. The results indicated that 65% more saw timber would be produced under the wood production run than the multiple-use run, but the former would maintain habitats for many fewer bird species than the latter. The multiple-use scenario was selected as the preferred alternative. We suggest carrying out management experiments and rigorous monitoring during the implementation phase. While this approach has various limitations, it is an incremental step towards the effective management of species diversity on multiple-use land

Hess, G. R. and King, T. J. 2002. Planning open spaces for wildlife I. Selecting focal species using a Delphi survey approach. Landscape and Urban Planning 58(1): 25-40.
open space planning; green space planning; umbrella species;
focal species; keystone species; wildlife conservation;
wildlife habitat; suburban development; Delphi survey
preserving biodiversity; conservation biology; landscapes;
umbrella; inventories