1981]. A Seattle legacy : the Olmsted parks / prepared by Seattle Department of Parks & Recreation. [Seattle, Wash. :: s.n.,
Olmsted Brothers
Parks -- Washington (State) -- Seattle
Photocopy. [S.l. : s.n., 1981?]
A collection of essays, articles and maps related to the history of parks in Seattle and the emergence of the Olmstead Brothers. A review of property acquisition and design, including the acreage of each parcel, follows. Numerous Seattle park maps form the early 20th century are included.

1991. The role of corridors.

1997. Metapopulation biology : ecology, genetics, and evolution.

(2003). Portland Metropolitics: A Regional Agenda for Community and Stability, Coalition for a Livable Future.

(2003). Greenspaces Program, Oregon Fish & Wildlife Office.
Outlines the greenspaces program surrounding the Portland metropolitan region, identifying pertinent groups, aquisition guidelines, and a comprehensive list of natural area greenspace.

(2003). Greenspace Alliance of Canada's Capital.

(2003). LEAM, University of Illinois Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Deapartment of Geography.
LEAM is a computer-based tool that simulates land use change across space and time.

[1994]. King County comprehensive plan : executive proposed plan : technical appendices / King County Parks, Planning and Resources Department. [Seattle] :: The Department,
Regional planning -- Washington (State) -- King County
Land use -- Washington (State) -- King County
Cover title
"June 1994."
History, vision and application of Comprehensive Plan for King County. This report includes sections on land use, transportation, housing, capital facilities, utilities, economic development, neighborhood planning, human development, cultural resources and environment. There is also a color, future land use map provided.

Acharya, G. and Bennett, L. L. 2001. Valuing open space and land-use patterns in urban watersheds. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 22(2-3): 221-237.
hedonic property value; urban watersheds; land use; spatially
referenced data
hedonic housing prices; quality; externalities; amenities;
economics; ecology; rents; life; gis; air
Cited Reference Count: 29
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BOCKSTAEL N, 1997, CONFLICT COOPERATION
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BRASHARES FN, 1982, THESIS U MICHIGAN
CHESHIRE P, 1995, ECONOMICA, V62, P247
CLAPP JM, 1997, J HOUS ECON, V6, P368
FEENBURG D, 1980, MEASURING BENEFITS W
FORMAN R, 1985, LAND MOSAICS ECOLOGY
FREEMAN AM, 1993, MESUREMENT ENV RESOU
GEOGHEGAN J, 1997, ECOL ECON, V23, P251
GRILICHES Z, 1971, PRICE INDEXES QUALIT
HARRISON D, 1978, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V5, P81
HAURIN DR, 1980, J URBAN ECON, V7, P384
LANSFORD NH, 1995, J AGR APPL EC, V27, P212
LEGGETT CG, 2000, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V39, P121
LI MM, 1980, LAND ECON, V56, P125
MURDOCH JC, 1988, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V15, P143
ODLAND J, 1988, SPATIAL AUTOCORRELAT
PALMQUIST R, 1991, MEASURING DEMAND ENV
PALMQUIST RB, 1992, J URBAN ECON, V31, P59
POGODZINSKI JM, 1991, REGIONAL SCI URBAN E, V24, P601
POTEPAN MJ, 1996, REAL ESTATE ECON, V24, P219
ROBACK J, 1982, J POLITICAL EC, V90, P1257
ROSEN S, 1979, CURRENT ISSUES URBAN
ROSEN S, 1974, J POLITICAL EC, V82, P34
TURNER MG, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P171
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J REAL ESTATE FINANC ECON
This article presents the results of a hedonic property value analysis for an urban watershed in New Haven County, Connecticut. We use spatially referenced housing and land-use data to capture the effect of environmental variables around the house location. We calculate and incorporate data on open space, land-use diversity, and other environmental variables to capture spatial variation in environmental quality around each house location. We are ultimately interested in determining whether variables that are reflective of spatial diversity do a better job of describing human preferences for housing choice than broad categories of rural versus urban areas. Using a rich data set of over 4,000 houses, we study these effects within a watershed that includes areas of high environmental quality and low environmental quality as well as varying patterns of socioeconomic conditions. Our results suggest that, in addition to structural characteristics, variables describing neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and variables describing land use and environmental quality are influential in determining human values. We also find that the scale at which we measure these spatially defined environmental variables is important.

Ahn, C. and Mitsch, W. J. 2002. Scaling considerations of mesocosm wetlands in simulating large created freshwater marshes. Ecological Engineering 18(3): 327-342.
scaling; scale; mesocosm; constructed wetlands; phosphorus
retention; net aboveground primary productivity; ecosystem
complexity; Olentangy River Wetland Research Park
ecosystem engineers; self-design; ecology; restoration;
microcosms; organisms; nutrient; dynamics; systems; removal
Cited Reference Count: 63
Cited References:
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*SAS I INC, 1988, SAS STAT US GUID VER
ADEY WH, 1991, DYNAMIC AQUARIA
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ALPER J, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P1195
ARCHER D, 1992, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V37, P614
BANSE K, 1982, MARINE MESOCOSMS, P11
BERG GM, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V44, P1331
BEYERS RJ, 1993, ECOLOGICAL MICROCOSM
BLOESCH J, 1988, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V159, P297
BOSTROM B, 1982, ARCH HYDROBIOL BEIH, V18, P5
BOUCHARD V, 1998, OLENTANGY RIVER WETL, P61
BOYNTON WR, 2001, SCALING RELATIONS EX, P299
BUSNARDO MJ, 1992, ECOL ENG, V1, P287
CALLAWAY JC, 1997, RESTOR ECOL, V5, P135
CARPENTER SR, 1988, COMPLEX INTERACTIONS
CARPENTER SR, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P667
CARPENTER SR, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P324
CHEN CC, 1997, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V155, P1
CLEMENTS WH, 1988, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V45, P2017
DAY FP, 1989, WETLANDS, V9, P263
DESZALAY FA, 1996, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V25, P303
ELDER JF, 1997, MESOCOSM EXPT ASSESS
FAIRWEATHER PG, 1998, AUST J ECOL, V23, P1
GALE PM, 1993, WATER ENVIRON RES, V65, P162
GARDNER RH, 2001, SCALING RELATIONS EX
GIDDINGS JM, 1979, INT J ENVIRON STUD, V13, P119
GRICE GD, 1982, MARINE MESOCOSMS BIO
GRY MB, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V44, P1331
HORNE AJ, 1991, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V57, P43
JOHNSON BT, 1986, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V5, P473
JONES CG, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P1946
JONES CG, 1994, OIKOS, V69, P373
KADLEC R, 1996, TREATMENT WETLANDS
KANGAS P, 1996, ECOL ENG, V6, P224
KEMP WM, 1980, DOE S SERIES, V52, P911
KORENY JS, 1999, WETLANDS, V19, P182
KRAUFVELIN P, 1998, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V222, P247
LALLI CM, 1990, CONTRIBUTION SCI COM, V85
LEVIN SA, 1992, ECOLOGY, V73, P1943
LIPTAK MA, 2000, THESIS OHIO STATE U
MACNALLY R, 1997, ECOL MODEL, V99, P229
MITSCH WJ, 1998, BIOSCIENCE, V48, P1019
MITSCH WJ, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P77
MITSCH WJ, 1998, OLENTANGY RIVER WETL, P71
MITSCH WJ, 2000, WETLANDS
NAIRN RW, 2000, ECOL ENG, V14, P107
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ECOL ENG
To explore the effects of experimental scale on ecological functions in wetlands, flow-through mesocosm wetlands (1 m(2)) were compared over the first two growing seasons to a large, created, flow-through wetland (10000 m(2)) over four growing seasons. Hydrology was generally similar with mean hydraulic loading rates of 7.8 cm day(-1) for the large wetland (excluding an extensive flooding year of 1995) and 6.3 cm day(- 1) for mesocosms. Mean hydraulic retention time was 2.1 days for the large wetland and 1.7 days for mesocosms. Temperature of surface water decreased slightly from inflow to outflow in mesocosms, while it increased in the large wetland. Conductivity of water in mesocosms showed no significant changes from inflow to outflow, while it decreased significantly in the large wetland. Phosphorus was retained effectively in the large wetland for 3 of 4 years and was retained in the mesocosms during the first of 2 years. Phosphorus was exported in the second year in the mesocosms, when dissolved oxygen (DO) and redox potential dropped significantly. Net aboveground primary productivity was similar between mesocosm wetlands ( similar to 353 g m(-2) year(-1)) and the large wetland ( similar to 380 g m(-2) year(-1)). Extensive shading with no open space may have led to cooler water temperatures and lower water column productivity in the densely vegetated mesocosms than in the large wetland in the second year. Less surface turbulence in the mesocosms due to less fetch affected DO too. These conditions may have stimulated development of reduced conditions in mesocosm soils more rapidly than in the large wetland, thereby causing the release of phosphorus. Scale of experiments and mesocosm artifacts must be considered before the results from mesocosm studies are generalized to large field-scale wetlands. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Albright, E. D. 1997. Green space, green time: The way of science - Barlow,C. Library Journal 122(18): 110-110.
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Bancroft-G-Thomas, S.-A.-M., Carrington-Mary. 1995. Deforestation and its effects on forest-nesting birds in the Florida Keys. Conservation-Biology. 9(4): 835-844.

species found nowhere else in the continental United States. Before European settlement there were 4816 ha of seasonal deciduous forest in the keys. By 1991 the extent of this seasonal deciduous forest had decreased by 41%, the number of fragments increased by an order of magnitude, and the acreage in large fragments decreased by 84%. To examine the effects of fragment size on the presence of breeding birds, we censused bird populations of singing males that occurred in 27 forest that ranged in size from 0.2 ha to more than 100 ha. We also examined the occurrence of forest-breeding species at road-stop census points relative to nine measures of habitat around these points, Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) and Black-whiskered Vireos (Vireo altiloquus) were found singing in virtually all fragments. The distribution of Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) occurred independently of the size of forest fragments but was positively correlated with other measures of forest area. Great Crested Flycatchers (Myiarchus crinitus) occurred independently of fragment size and showed no correlations with other measures of habitat. White-eyed Vireos (V. griseus) were not present in fragments smaller than 2.3 ha. Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus) were not present in fragments smaller than 3.5 ha, but their numbers showed the highest positive correlations with the percentage of area in lawns and were negatively correlated with measures of total forest area. Yellow-billed (Coccyzus americanus) and Mangrove (C. minor) Cuckoos were absent from fragments smaller than 7.5 ha and 128 ha, respectively. The effective habitat loss for the four "area-sensitive" species exceeds the actual loss of deciduous forest. To maintain viable populations of species native to the seasonal deciduous forests of the Florida Keys will require protection of additional acreage of upland habitat from deforestation. A network of reserves that maintains dispersal possibilities among the remaining larger forest fragments is crucial.

Banister, D., Watson, S. and Wood, C. 1997. Sustainable cities: Transport, energy, and urban form. Environment and Planning B-Planning & Design 24(1): 125-143.
gasoline consumption
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Cited References:
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*DOE, 1994, SUST DEV UK STRAT
*DOT, 1988, NAT TRAV SURV
*DOT, 1993, TRANSP STAT GREAT BR
*LCC, 1990, CENTR LEIC TRANSP ST
*MILT KEYN BOR COU, 1990, UNPUB MILT KEYN BOR
*MIS, 1988, COUNT WID TRANSP SUR
*MKDC, 1992, PLANN MILT KEYN
*MVA, 1988, GREAT LEIC TRANSP ST
*OCC, 1993, BANB TRANSP STUD
*OCC, 1992, OXF STRUCT PLAN
*OFSTR VERK, 1991, ALM PERSP, V2015
*TEST, 1991, CHANG TRAV BETT WORL
BAE CHC, 1994, AUTOMOBILES ENV METR
BANISTER D, 1994, EU THERMIE JUPITER E
BANISTER D, 1992, SUSTAINABLE DEV URBA, P160
BANISTER D, 1995, TRANSPORT RES A-POL, V29, P21
BANISTER D, 1996, TRANSPORT REV, V16, P23
BANISTER D, 1994, WP10 U COLL LOND PLA
BREHENY M, 1993, BUILT ENV, V18
BREHENY M, 1995, CITIES COMPETITION P, P402
BREHENY M, 1995, I BRIT GEOGR ANN C U
FROST M, 1994, UNPUB ESTIMATING PAS
GORDON P, 1991, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V57, P416
GORDON P, 1989, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V55, P342
HOWARD D, 1990, ENERGY TRANSPORT ENV
HUGHES P, 1993, PERSONAL TRANSPORT G
JONES P, 1989, BUILT ENV, V15, P231
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NEWMAN P, 1989, CITIES AUTOMOBILE DE
NEWMAN PWG, 1989, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V55, P24
NEWMAN PWG, 1991, TRANSPORT REV, V11, P249
OWENS S, 1992, BUILT ENV, V18, P242
RICKABY PA, 1991, ENVIRON PLANN B, V18, P153
ROBERTS J, 1992, PTRC ANN C MANCH SEP
WOOD C, 1994, PASSENGER TRANSPORT
WOOD C, 1994, PTRC ANN C MANCH SEP
WE417
ENVIRON PLAN B-PLAN DESIGN
This paper extends the debate over the ideal of the sustainable city, particularly as it relates to transport, by providing empirical evidence, from five case-study cities in the United Kingdom and one in the Netherlands on the links between urban form and energy consumption in transport. It also links energy use measures to the physical, economic, and social structure of the city to determine whether there are significant relationships. Energy-use measures combine all the characteristics of travel (mode, distance, and frequency), together with occupancy, to give a new set of composite measures of travel. The conclusions reached are mixed in that significant relationships have been found, principally between energy use in transport and physical characteristics of the city, such as density, size, and amount of open space. But comparability problems make it difficult to establish definitive relationships.

Barlow, E. 1980. Nature in Cities - the Natural-Environment in the Design and Development of Urban Green Space - Laurie,Ic. Landscape Architecture 70(4): 418-419.
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LAURIE IC, 1979, NATURE CITIES NATURA
JY721
LANDSCAPE ARCHIT

Bates, L. J. and Santerre, R. E. 2001. The public demand for open space: The case of Connecticut communities. Journal of Urban Economics 50(1): 97-111.
open space; urban sprawl; demand for public goods
willingness-to-pay; contingent valuation; goods; prices;
elasticities; income
Cited Reference Count: 32
Cited References:
1999, NORWICH B 0111, PA1
1999, NORWICH B 0320, PB1
1999, NORWICH B 0409, PA9
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*CO TOWN POL EC CO, 1997, CONN MUN BUDG 1995 1
*STAT CONN, 1999, CONN STAT REG
*STAT CONN DEP ENV, 1993, STAT COMPR OUTD RECR
*STAT CONN OFF POL, 1996, MUN FISC IND 1993 19
*STAT CONN OFF POL, 1993, UNPUB
*USDA, 1992, CENS AGR
BERGSTROM TC, 1973, AM ECON REV, V63, P280
BOLITZER B, 2000, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V59, P185
BORCHERDING TE, 1972, AM ECON REV, V62, P891
BREFFLE WS, 1998, URBAN STUD, V35, P715
BRUECKNER JK, 2000, INT REGIONAL SCI REV, V23, P160
CORRELL MR, 1978, LAND ECON, V54, P207
CUMMINGS RG, 1999, AM ECON REV, V89, P649
DITNER J, 1998, OPEN SPACE MANTRA PL
DO AQ, 1995, J REAL ESTATE FINANC, V10, P261
FISHER RC, 1996, STATE LOCAL FINANCE
FLORES NE, 1997, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V33, P287
FRECH HE, 1984, J URBAN ECON, V16, P105
GRAMLICH EM, 1973, BROOKINGS PAPERS EC, P15
HAUSMAN JA, 1978, ECONOMETRICA, V46, P1251
LERNER S, 1999, EC BENEFITS PARKS OP
PACK H, 1978, NATL TAX J, V31, P349
PERKINS GM, 1977, NATL TAX J, V30, P411
SANTERRE RE, 1985, LAND ECON, V61, P119
THOMAS HL, 1991, EC BENEFITS LAND CON
WEICHER JC, 1973, LAND ECON, V49, P99
WHITE H, 1980, ECONOMETRICA, V48, P817
450UT
J URBAN ECON
At both the state and national levels, public policies are being designed to stimulate the demand for locally owned open space. Yet very little is known about the factors that influence the demand for open space and the sensitivity of demand to price and income. To fill the void, this study uses data for Connecticut cities and towns to estimate the public demand for open space. The empirical results suggest that the demand for open space is relatively insensitive to changes in price but highly responsive to changes in income. The findings also show that federal and state open space may tend to crowd out locally owned open space and that locally owned open space represents a highly congestable good. Finally, the analysis indicates that privately owned open space is not a good substitute for locally owned public open space. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Bissonette, J. A., Ed. (1997). Wildlife and landscape ecology : effects of pattern and scale.

BLAKE-J-G, K.-J.-R. 1987. BREEDING BIRDS OF ISOLATED WOODLOTS AREA AND HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS. Ecology 68(6): 1724-1734.

We investigated breeding bird communities of isolated woodlots (1.8-600 ha) in east-central Illinois [USA] during three summers (1979-1981) to compared the influence of area and habitat on community structure. Woodlots supported from 9 to 43 species and composition was relatively constant among years. Ecological generalists dominated small woodlots while more specialized species increased in importance with area. Area accounted for most variation (86-98%) in total species number in each year and the species-area relationship did not change significantly among years. The amount of variance accounted for by area was greater than in previous studies. Neither habitat norm woodlot isolation explained significant additional variation in total species richness after area. Area accounted form most variation in number of species in different migratory and breeding habitat categories, except for short-distance migrants, which correlated most strongly with habita. Variation in bird species numbers in most cases. Abundances of one-third to one-half of species examined correlated with woodlot area, but a greater proportion (66-72%) were influenced more strongly by habitat variables. Results from Illinois support previous conclusions that species that breed in forest interior habitat and winter in the tropics are most likely to be adversely affected by a reduction in forest habitat. Results also show that bird communities in isolated tracts of forest are not random assemblages, but rather that species found in smaller woodlots are subsets of species found in larger forests

Blank, G. B., Parker, D. S. and Bode, S. M. 2002. Multiple benefits of large, undeveloped tracts in urbanized landscapes - A North Carolina example. Journal of Forestry 100(3): 27-32.
conservation; land use
Cited Reference Count: 15
Cited References:
*CAR POW LIGHT CO, 1982, SHEAR HARR NUCL POW
*NCNHP, 1993, BIENN PROT PLAN
*SIERR CLUB, 1988, ENV IMP POP GROWTH N
ASHE WW, 1897, B N CAROLINA GEOLOGI, V6
BELVIN L, 1983, HERITAGE WAKE COUNTY
BODE S, 1997, THESIS N CAROLINA ST
CHRISTENSEN NL, 1989, J FOREST HIST, V33, P116
COOPER AW, 1989, P PIN HARDW TYP MIXT
HESS GR, 2000, STATE OPEN SPACE 200
PARKER DS, 1998, THESIS N CAROLINA ST
PEET RK, 1998, CASTANEA, V63, P262
SCHAFALE MP, 1990, CLASSIFICATION NATUR
SCHAFALE MP, 1994, INVENTORY LONGLEAF P
WAHLENBERG WG, 1946, LONGLEAF PINE ITS US
WALKER LC, 1966, B AUSTIN STATE U SCH, V2
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J FOREST
In North Carolina's Research Triangle region, development pressures threaten open space. Expanding municipalities and suburban sprawl have isolated public lands as private landowners subdivide or sell to developers. Large holdings owned by a private corporation and amassed to buffer a nuclear power facility and its reservoir remain intact. These holdings provide unexpected public benefits and foster conservation of a rare plant community type revealed through interdisciplinary research. The landowner's support for research and restoration underscore the important role private corporations can play in achieving community conservation goals.

Bolitzer, B. and Netusil, N. R. 2000. The impact of open spaces on property values in Portland, Oregon. Journal of Environmental Management 59(3): 185-193.
open spaces; hedonics; economics
housing prices; externalities
Cited Reference Count: 14
Cited References:
1997, ECONOMIST, V344, P21
1999, SUNSET, V203, P82
CHRIST J, 1995, OREGONIAN 1012, PA6
CORRELL MR, 1978, LAND ECON, V2, P207
CROPPER ML, 1988, REV ECON STAT, V70, P668
DO AQ, 1995, J REAL ESTATE FINANC, V10, P261
DOSS CR, 1996, J AGR RESOUR ECON, V21, P120
FRECH HE, 1984, J URBAN ECON, V16, P105
FREEMAN AM, 1993, MEASUREMENT ENV RESO
LI MM, 1980, LAND ECON, V56, P125
LUPI F, 1991, P918 U MINN DEP AGR
MAHAN BL, 1997, 97R1 IWR US ARM CORP
PRITCHARD A, 1999, NATURE CONSERVAN SEP, P6
WEICHER JC, 1973, LAND ECON, V49, P99
355KW
J ENVIRON MANAGE
Open spaces such as public parks, natural areas and golf courses may have an influence on the sale price of homes in close proximity to those resources. The net effect of open- space proximity is theoretically uncertain because the positive externalities associated with proximity such as a view or nearby recreation facility might be outweighed by negative externalities, for example, traffic congestion and noise. The impact of open-space proximity and type is examined empirically using a data set that includes the sales price for homes in Portland, Oregon, a major metropolitan area in the United States, geographic information system derived data on each home's proximity to an open-space and open-space type, and neighborhood and home characteristics. Results show that proximity to an open-space and open-space type can have a statistically significant effect on a home's sale price. These estimates provide an important step in quantifying the overall benefit from preserving open spaces in an urban environment. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

Breffle, W. S., Morey, E. R. and Lodder, T. S. 1998. Using contingent valuation to estimate a neighbourhood's willingness to pay to preserve undeveloped urban land. Urban Studies 35(4): 715-727.
growth controls; housing prices; quality; values; demand; life
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CAMERON TA, 1987, NONMARKET RESOURCE V
CARSON RT, 1993, CHOICES, P5
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DALEJOHNSON D, 1990, J REAL ESTATE FINANC, V3, P165
DESVOUSGES WH, 1993, CHOICES, P9
DIAMOND PA, 1994, J ECON PERSPECT, V8, P45
FRECH HE, 1984, J URBAN ECON, V16, P105
GATZLAFF DH, 1993, J REAL ESTATE FINANC, V6, P147
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MITCHELL RC, 1989, USING SURVEYS VALUE
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Contingent valuation (CV) is used to estimate a neighbourhood's willingness to pay (WTP) to preserve a 5.5-acre parcel of undeveloped land in Boulder, Colorado, that provides views, open space and wildlife habitat. Households were surveyed to determine bounds on their WTP for preservation. An interval model is developed to estimate sample WTP as a function of distance, income and other characteristics. The model accommodates individuals who might be made better off by development and addresses the accumulation of WTP responses at zero. Weighted sample WTP estimates are aggregated to obtain the neighbourhood's WTP, This application demonstrates that contingent valuation is a flexible policy tool for land managers and community groups wanting to estimate WTP to preserve undeveloped urban land.

Bright, A. D., Barro, S. C. and Burtz, R. T. 2001. Attitudes toward the protection and restoration of natural areas across three geographic levels: An examination of interattitude consistency. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31(11): 2301-2321.
model; values
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BARNES TG, 1993, FOR63 U KENT COLL AG
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Brothers, O. 1905]. Report of Olmsted Brothers adopted by the [Seattle] City Council, October 19, 1903. [Seattle,: Lowman & Hanford,
Parks -- Washington (State) -- Seattle
City planning -- Washington (State) -- Seattle
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This article argues that urban spatial expansion results mainly from three powerful forces: a growing population, rising incomes, and falling commuting costs. Urban growth occurring purely in response to these fundamental forces cannot be faulted as socially undesirable, but three market failures may distort their operation upsetting the allocation of land between agricultural and urban uses and justifying criticism of urban sprawl These are the failure to account for the benefits of open space, excessive commuting because of a failure to account for the social costs of congestion and failure to make new development pay for fire infrastructure costs it generates. Precise remedies for these market failures are two types of development taxes and congestion tolls levied on commuters. Each of these remedies leads to a reduction in the spatial size of the city.

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As the fifth largest public lands manager in the federal government, the U.S. Department of Defense hosts significant wildlife populations on many of its large military bases in exurban and rural areas of the United States. As the military's mission began to change in the late twentieth century, Congress authorized the closure of several large bases. This closure legislation, however, makes no direct provision for the preservation of open space generally or wildlife habitat conservation specifically on these closed bases, This article presents case study research on the closure of two air force bases roughly equal in size and natural resource attributes. At one base, nearly a fourth of the land mass was preserved as a wildlife refuge; while at the other, all significant wildlife habitat was destroyed by real estate development. The two most significant factors accounting for the radical difference in these two base closure cases were (1) the political culture of the communities surrounding the bases and (2) the relative presence of what Harvard political scientist Robert Putnam refers to as social capital. Several administrative measures can be taken within the Department Of Defense and at the state and local level to increase the likelihood that the nation's wildlife heritage is better preserved in future base closures than is now usually the case.

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ARCHITECTURE

Carles, J. L., Barrio, I. L. and de Lucio, J. V. 1999. Sound influence on landscape values. Landscape and Urban Planning 43(4): 191-200.
soundscape; perception; acoustic; ecology
environmental preference
Cited Reference Count: 25
Cited References:
AMPHOUX P, 1991, 94 CRESSON
ANDERSON LM, 1983, ENVIRON BEHAV, V15, P539
ARNHEIM R, 1983, ARTE PERCEPCION VISU
BARRIO IL, 1997, CALIDAD SONORA VALEN
BARRIO IL, 1995, SOUNDSCAPE NEWSLETTE, V10, P6
BERNALDEZ FG, 1985, INVITACION ECOLOGIA
BERNALDEZ FG, 1989, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V28, P53
BJORK EA, 1995, ACTA ACUST, V3, P83
BJORK EA, 1986, J SOUND VIBRATION, V109, P339
CARLES J, 1992, LANDSCAPE RES, V17, P52
DELUCIO JV, 1996, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V34, P135
FIDELL S, 1981, J SOUND VIBRATION, V78, P291
FRANCES R, 1979, PSYCHOL ART ESTHETIQ
HERRINGTON S, 1993, ENV PSYCHOL, V13, P283
KAPLAN R, 1989, ENVIRON BEHAV, V21, P509
KAPLAN R, 1987, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V14, P161
MEREDITH MA, 1987, J NEUROSCI, V10, P3215
MILGRAM S, 1970, SCIENCE, V167, P1461
PARLITZ D, 1993, CONTRIBUTION PSYCHOL
SCHAFER MR, 1976, TUNING WORLD
SOUTHWORTH M, 1969, ENVIRON BEHAV, V1, P49
STANNERS D, 1995, EUROPES ENV DOBRIS A
STEIN BE, 1993, MERGING SENSES
VIOLLON S, 1997, ACT 4 C FRANC AC, V1, P311
ZWICKER E, 1990, PSYCHOACOUSTICS FACT
176NV
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
In order to study the influence of the interaction between visual and acoustic stimuli on perception of the environment, 36 sound and image combinations were presented to 75 subjects. The sounds and images used were of natural and semi-natural settings and urban green space. Affective response was measured in terms of pleasure. The results show a rank of preferences running from natural to man-made sounds, with the nuance of a potential alert or alarm-raising component of the sound. The potential for alert or alarm-raising may be related, over and above the information content or meaning, to the characteristics of the sound frequency spectrum, specifically to the existence of frequency bands whose sound levels impose themselves on the acoustic background. The congruence or coherence between sound and image influences preferences, Coherent combinations are rated higher than the mean of the component stimuli. Results suggest that there is a need to identify places or settings where the conservation of the sound environment is essential, because of its salient informational content or due to the drastic impact of the loss of sound quality on observer appreciation, for example, in urban green spaces, natural spaces and cultural landscapes. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Clergeau, P., Savard, J. P. L., Mennechez, G. and Falardeau, G. 1998. Bird abundance and diversity along an urban-rural gradient: A comparative study between two cities on different continents. Condor 100(3): 413-425.
avifauna structure; biodiversity; Canada; France; landscape
ecology; urban ecosystem
species-diversity; urbanization; communities; habitats;
finland; ecology; winter
Cited Reference Count: 51
Cited References:
*SAS I INC, 1989, SAS STAT US GUID VER, V1
ADAMS LW, 1994, URBAN WILDLIFE HABIT
BATTEN LA, 1972, BIRD STUDY, V19, P157
BLAIR RB, 1996, ECOL APPL, V6, P506
CLERGEAU P, 1996, NATURES SCI SOC, V4, P102
DAVIS AM, 1978, ENVIRON CONSERV, V5, P299
DEGRAAF RM, 1987, MAN NATURE METROPOLI, P107
DEGRAAF RM, 1976, THESIS U MASSACHUSET
DETWYLER TR, 1972, URBANIZATION ENV PHY
DOWD C, 1992, J FIELD ORNITHOL, V63, P455
DUVIGNEAUD P, 1974, SYNTHESE ECOLOGIQUE
EMLEN JT, 1974, CONDOR, V76, P184
FORMAN RTT, 1986, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
GAUTHIER Y, 1996, BREEDING BIRDS QUEBE
GILBERT OL, 1989, ECOLOGY URBAN HABITA
HILL GE, 1993, BIRDS N AM
HOHTOLA E, 1978, ORNIS SCAND, V9, P94
HUHTALO H, 1977, BIRD STUDY, V24, P179
ISENMANN P, 1990, BIOL INVASIONS EUROP, P245
JOHNSEN AM, 1987, INTEGRATING MAN NATU, P123
JOKIMAKI J, 1996, J BIOGEOGR, V23, P379
JOKIMAKI J, 1993, ORNIS FENNICA, V70, P71
KREBS CJ, 1989, ECOLOGICAL METHODOLO
LANCASTER RK, 1979, CAN J ZOOL, V57, P2358
LUCID VJ, 1974, THESIS VIRGINIA POLY
LUNIAK M, 1990, URBAN ECOLOGICAL STU
MAGURRAN AE, 1988, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
MARCHETTI M, 1976, THESIS U SAINT JEROM
MCDONNELL MJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1232
MCDONNELL MJ, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC, P175
MICHELSON W, 1970, MAN HIS URBAN ENV SO
MILLS GS, 1989, CONDOR, V91, P416
MUNYENYEMBE F, 1989, AUST J ECOL, V14, P549
NATUHARA Y, 1996, ECOL RES, V11, P1
NUORTEVA P, 1971, ANN ZOOL FENN, V8, P547
OLIPHANT LW, 1985, RAPTOR RES, V19, P56
PAQUIN J, 1995, BREEDING BIRDS QUEBE, P574
PETRAITIS PS, 1989, Q REV BIOL, V64, P393
PONTIER D, 1991, ACTES C EC URB MIONS, P132
SAVARD JPL, 1982, CAN J ZOOL, V59, P924
SAVARD JPL, 1978, THESIS U TORONTO ONT
SEARS AR, 1991, NATL I URBAN WILDLIF, V2, P75
SODHI NS, 1992, CAN J ZOOL, V70, P1477
STEARNS FW, 1974, COMMUNITY DEV SERIES, V14
SVENSSON S, 1974, ACTA ORN, V14, P322
TATIBOUET F, 1981, THESIS U C BERNARD L
TAYLOR K, 1987, ACTA OECOL, V8, P293
THOMPSON PS, 1993, BIRD STUDY, V40, P120
VALE TR, 1976, CALIFORNIA J BIOGEOG, V2, P157
VOOUS KH, 1960, ATLAS EUROPEAN BIRDS
WEBER WC, 1972, THESIS U BRIT COLUMB
109EH
CONDOR
We compared the avifauna in two cities, Quebec (Canada) and Rennes (France), in order to define general responses of wildlife in an urban ecosystem. These cities have a similar urban structure that permits investigation along an urbanization gradient from downtown to rural residential areas. However, they are in opposite temperate climate and imbedded in a forested and an agricultural landscape, respectively. Plots ranging from 10 to 20 ha were surveyed in winter and spring by recording all birds seen or heard. Most plots could be located along a gradient according to proportions of vegetated open space. Both the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices of diversity indicated a pattern of increasing diversity from most to least urbanized areas in spring. Winter species diversity and richness was low in Quebec compared to Rennes, reflecting the much harsher winter conditions in Quebec. Breeding densities of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were quite similar in Quebec and Rennes, as were densities of European Blackbirds (Turdus merula) and its ecological equivalent in Quebec, the American Robin (Turdus migratorius). The type of surrounding landscape can not explain the Variation of species numbers within the city. If we examine the urban environment as a new ecological system rather than a degraded environment, we can regroup birds in two major species groups: the omnivorous species adapted to the urban environment and its particular food resources such as garbage and the species that find, in the urban environment, resources which they normally exploit in their usual habitat.

Committee, W. S. P. Washington State Parks Committee Annual Report. From 1921-22, 1925-26, 1936-42, 1949-66 a report on the development, acquisition, operation, education, administration and budget for the Washington state parks.


Conference, P. S. G. 1974. Inventory of Park and Rec Area. Central Puget Sound Area. Park, Inventory, Acquisition

Provides lists of governement agencies with easy reference to Park and Recreation inventories of other governement agencies. The inventories are are divided by county, city, government agency as well as by the specific parks themselves. Parks are divided by status: proposed acquisition, undeveloped aquired land and developed acquired land. All of these designated areas are listed alng with their acreage.

Cooper, D. S. 2002. Geographic associations of breeding bird distribution in an urban open space. Biological Conservation 104(2): 205-210.
bird distribution; urbanization; open space; Puente-Chino
Hills; Southern California
community
Cited Reference Count: 13
Cited References:
*SAS I, 1996, SAS VER 6 12 WIND
BOLGER DT, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P406
BRADLEY RA, 1980, W BIRDS, V11, P1
COOPER DS, 2000, W BIRDS, V31, P4
EMLEN JT, 1974, CONDOR, V76, P184
GARRETT K, 1981, BIRDS SO CALIFORNIA
HAMILTON R, 1996, BIRDS ORANGE COUNTY
HOSMER DW, 1989, APPL LOGISTIC REGRES
LESICA P, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P753
MILLS GS, 1989, CONDOR, V91, P416
SAWYER J, 1995, MANUAL CALIFORNIA VE
SIMBERLOFF D, 1994, IBIS, V137, PS105
SOULE ME, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P75
533ZA
BIOL CONSERV
The Puente-Chino Hills, extending west into the highly urbanized Los Angeles Basin, represent one of the largest expanses of lowland habitats in the region. During spring and early summer of 1997 and 1998, birds and vegetation surveys were conducted to clarify the influence of geographical position in the distribution of birds in the hills. Using logistic regression, the inclusion of longitudinal position as a variable is shown to make a statistically significant contribution to bird species presence beyond that of habitat alone for 12 of the 49 most commonly detected species. Species more common than would be expected based on habitat in the east were typical of grassland and open habitats, whereas those more common in the west were characteristic of tall scrub or urban habitats. Thus, species' distributions in the hills are likely influenced by landscape-scale vegetation patterns and by the aggregate amount of urbanized areas in the west. This emphasizes the importance of using geographical position as a variable when analyzing patterns in bird distribution and siting conservation areas. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Council, K. C. W. M. K. C. 1996]. King County park, recreation, and open space plan / adopted by Metropolitan King County Council. [Seattle, Wash. :: The Council,
Parks -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Recreation -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Open spaces -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Cover title
"June 17, 1996."
"This version does not include maps, charts, or photographs."
Consists of a review of all open space in king County. Structured in to natural (rivers and lakes) systems as well as functional (greenways/belts) systems. The document goes on to highlight current proposals and future plans for open space in King County.

Cranz, G. 1989. The politics of park design; A history of urban parks in America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

This book is divided into two categories; historical overview of park usage and the politics of park design. The first section examines the historical trends for park creation in the urban environment of America from 1850 - mid-1990s. Split into four distinct eras, it examines and elucidates on the need for parks from a social and political perspective. The second section of the book makes a more in-depth examination of political underpinning in park establishment, users and activities within parks, and assessing the social benefits to support the author's vision of the role of parks within the city. The role of parks within the urban environment is a direct response to the social and political climate of the city at the time.

Crompton, J. L. 2001. The impact of parks on property values: A review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research 33(1): 1-31.
parks; open space; property values
Cited Reference Count: 55
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1928, PLAYGROUND MAR, P633
*DIV RECR RES PLAN, 1961, EC EST NAT PARK
ACKERMAN FL, 1940, PLANNERS J, V6, P53
ALLEN PG, 1985, LEISURE SCI, V7, P467
ARTHUR LM, 1983, J LEISURE RES, V15, P245
BARRON JC, 1970, AM J AGR ECON, V52, P365
BRECHER R, 1963, NATL CIVIC REV OCT, P478
BROWN TL, 1983, UNPUB STATE PARKS RE
CHANDLER HP, 1920, PARK INT NOV, P250
COOK E, 1994, EC BENEFITS PARKS OP
CORRELL MR, 1978, LAND ECON, V54, P207
COUGHLIN RE, 1973, 4 U PENNS REG SCI RE
CROMPTON JL, IN PRESS J PARK RECR
CROMPTON JL, 1997, J PARK RECREATION AD, V15, P37
CURTIS RE, 1993, THESIS U MARYLAND
DAANE KE, 1964, EC IMPLICATIONS REGI
DUNN WH, 1912, P 14 ANN C AM ASS PA, P30
EPP DJ, 1971, J LEISURE RES, V3, P17
FELDMAN JW, 1929, PLAYGROUND RECRE SEP, P375
FOX T, 1990, URBAN OPEN SPACE INV
GARTNER WC, 1996, J TRAVEL RES SUM, P64
HAGEN JW, 1982, INT REV RES MENT RET, V11, P1
HAMMER TR, 1974, J AM I PLANNERS, V40, P274
HENDON WS, 1972, REAL ESTATE APPR SEP, P73
HENDON WS, 1967, SOCIOLOGICAL EC IMPA
HERRICK C, 1940, PLANNERS J, V6, P94
HERRICK C, 1939, PLANNERS J, V5, P89
HUUS RO, 1935, FINANCING MUNICIPAL
KAPLAN R, 1990, EXPERIENCE NATURE
KIMMEL MM, 1985, THESIS MIAMI U OXFOR
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LEWIS NP, 1923, PLANNING MODERN CITY
LI NM, 1980, LAND ECON, V56, P125
LITTLE CE, 1969, CHALLENGE LAND
LITTLE CE, 1990, GREENWAYS AM
LYON DW, 1972, THESIS U CALIFORNIA
MARTIN D, 1994, NY TIMES 1115, PA16
MORE TA, 1988, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V15, P139
MORE TA, 1982, PARKS RECREATATI AUG, P31
NELSON AC, 1986, AM PLANNING ASS SPR, P156
NOLEN J, 1937, PARKWAYS LAND VALUES
SAINSBURY C, 1964, THESIS U WASHINGTON
SCHROEDER TD, 1983, J LEISURE RES, V15, P247
SCHROEDER TD, 1982, J LEISURE RES, V14, P223
SIMON DE, 1976, PUBLIC INTEREST, V44, P27
STOREY CJ, 1927, PLAYGROUND SEP, P324
TIBBETS J, 1998, OPEN SPACE CONSERVAT
VOEGEL JA, 1986, THESIS NEW YORK U NE
VROOMAN DH, 1978, AM J ECON SOCIOL, V37, P165
WEICHER JC, 1973, LAND EC MAY, P99
WEIR LH, 1926, PARKS MANUAL MUNCIPA
WEIR LH, 1928, PARKS MANUAL MUNICIP
WEISS SH, 1966, LAND ECON, V42, P230
WONDER RL, 1965, UNPUB ANAL ASSESSED
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The real estate market consistently demonstrates that many people are willing to pay a larger amount for a property located close to a park than for a house that does not offer this amenity. The higher value of these residences means that their owners pay higher property taxes. In many instances, if the incremental amount of taxes paid by each property which is attributable to the presence of a nearby park is aggregated, it is sufficient to pay the annual debt charges required to retire the bonds used to acquire and develop the park. This process of capitalization of park land into the value of nearby properties is termed the "proximate principle." Results of approximately 30 studies which have empirically investigated the extent and legitimacy of the proximate principle are reported, starting with Frederick Law Olmsted's study of the impact of New York's Central Park. Only five studies were not supportive of the proximate principle and analysis of them suggested these atypical results may be attributable to methodological deficiencies. As a point of departure, the studies' results suggest that a positive impact of 20% on property values abutting or fronting a passive park area is a reasonable starting point. If it is a heavily used park catering to large numbers of active recreation users, then the proximate value increment may be minimal on abutting properties, but may reach 10% on properties two or three blocks away.

Denis A. Saunders, R. J. H. 1991. The role of corridors.

Dept, K. C. W. P. [1963]. Park site selection study : preliminary report / King County Planning Department. [Seattle?] :: The Dept.,
Parks -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Outdoor recreation -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
"November 1963."
Description of existing park and recreation aeras. Includes a description and ranking of all proposed sites.

Division, K. C. W. D. o. P. a. C. D. P. 1977. King County park policy : task force report / King County Division of Planning. Seattle :: The Division,
Parks -- Washington (State) -- King County
Cover title
v. 1-2. Regional park and recreation system proposals.--v. 3. Local and subregional park and recreation system proposals
Addresses the future direction of county parks and recreation. Delivery and financing of county wide parks and recreation facilities.

Dix, G. 1980. Nature in Cities - the Natural-Environment in the Design and Development of Urban Green Space - Laurie,Ic. Town Planning Review 51(3): 351-352.
Cited Reference Count: 1
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LAURIE IC, 1979, NATURE CITIES NATURA
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TOWN PLAN REV

Duke, J. M. and Aull-Hyde, R. 2002. Identifying public preferences for land preservation using the analytic hierarchy process. Ecological Economics 42(1-2): 131-145.
farmland preservation; purchase of development rights programs;
land use; analytic hierarchy process
farmland preservation; environmental-policy; development
rights; valuation; programs; goals; foundation; economics;
values
Cited Reference Count: 35
Cited References:
ACZEL J, 1983, J MATH PSYCHOL, V27, P93
ALHO JM, 1997, FOREST SCI, V43, P521
BERRY D, 1976, AM J ECON SOCIOL, V35, P113
DUKE JM, 2002, LAND USE ISSUES DELA
FURUSETH OJ, 1987, GROWTH CHANGE, V18, P49
GARDNER BD, 1977, AM J AGR ECON, V59, P1027
GOLDEN BL, 1989, ANAL HIERARCHY PROCE
GOWDY JM, 2001, ECOL ECON, V39, P223
GREGORY R, 2001, ECOL ECON, V39, P37
HEIMLICH RE, 2001, 283 USDA ERS NASS, P3
KELSEY TW, 1998, P PERF STAT PROGR FA
KLINE J, 1998, ECOL ECON, V26, P211
KLINE J, 1998, LAND ECON, V74, P566
KLINE J, 1996, LAND ECON, V72, P538
KLINE J, 1994, LAND ECON, V70, P223
LOPEZ RA, 1994, LAND ECON, V69, P52
MARTINEZALIER J, 1998, ECOL ECON, V26, P277
MAWAPANGA MN, 1996, REV AGR EC, V18, P385
MAYNARD LJ, 1998, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V53, P106
MUNDA G, 1995, MULTICRITERIA EVALUA
PETERSON DL, 1994, ENVIRON MANAGE, V18, P729
PFEFFER MJ, 1994, J RURAL STUD, V10, P233
POE GL, 1997, CHOICES, P4
ROSENBERGER RS, 1997, J AGR RESOUR ECON, V22, P296
ROSENBERGER RS, 1998, LAND ECON, V74, P557
RUSSELL C, 2001, ECOL ECON, V36, P87
SAATY TL, 1980, ANAL HIERARCHY PROCE
SAATY TL, 1977, J MATH PSYCHOL, V15, P234
SAATY TL, 1986, MANAGE SCI, V32, P841
STAGG C, 1990, OPERATIONS RES MANAG, P89
VANDENBERGH JCJM, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P43
WICHELNS D, 1993, AGR RESOURCE EC REV, V22, P150
WILLETT K, 1995, WATER MANAGEMENT CON, P453
ZAHEDI F, 1987, MATH MODELLING, V9, P387
ZUBE EH, 1989, ENVIRON MANAGE, V13, P639
578PP
ECOL ECON
Much debate exists on whether purchase of development rights programs are cost-effectively targeting the nonmarket attributes of preserved land that the public truly demands. This paper applies the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to general population survey data in order to compare the public's sources of value for the environmental, agricultural, growth control, and open space attributes of preserved land. AHP is a methodology that encourages respondents to make subtle trade- offs in nonquantifiable, nonmarket attributes of preserved land. AHP also measures the relative public preference of one attribute over another attribute. Although this methodology is entirely different from conjoint analysis and other choice- based methods for processing trade-offs for nonmarket goods, the results of AHP are highly comparable to and offer another way to adjudge the validity of these complementary methods. The results of the AHP application to data collected from Delaware residents find that public preference is strongest for the environmental and agricultural attributes of farmland, two potentially opposing attributes. Growth control and open space are found to be less important. At a more precise level, a comparison of the qualities of these attributes shows that the public favors agricultural land preservation because it protects a rural way of life, which also is seen to protect human-regarding environmental quality. Results generally validate those of Kline and Wichelns (Land Econ. 72 (1996, p. 538) and Rosenberger (Land Econ. 74 (1998, p. 557). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Enlow, C. 2000. An open space tested (Seattle's Westlake-Park failed to attract WTO demonstrations). Landscape Architecture 90(4): 140-+.
Cited Reference Count: 0
300ED
LANDSCAPE ARCHIT

Esparza, A. X. and Carruthers, J. I. 2000. Land use planning and exurbanization in the rural Mountain West - Evidence from Arizona. Journal of Planning Education and Research 20(1): 23-36.
growth machine; sprawl
Cited Reference Count: 59
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BAHL R, 1972, 6 SYR U MAXW SCH CIT
BAHL RW, 1968, J REGIONAL SCI, V8, P199
BURBY R, 1997, MAKING GOVT PLAN
DANIELS T, 1999, CITY COUNTRY COLLIDE
DANIELS T, 1995, SMALL TOWN PLANNING
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DEGROVE J, 1991, BALANCED GROWTH PLAN
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FRIEDMANN J, 1996, J PLAN EDUC RES, V15, P89
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LAMB RF, 1983, GROWTH CHANGE, V14, P40
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LEE DB, 1981, LAND USE POLICY DEBA, P149
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MOLOTCH H, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V82, P309
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Exurban development is especially prevalent in rural areas of the Mountain West, where rapid population growth has led to the conversion of vast amounts of rural land and natural open space. This article argues that traditional approaches to land use planning hasten the pace of exurbanization in rural areas of the region. Building on this premise, the article presents a conceptual process-based model that links land use planning with exurbanization and uses the model in an empirical study of exurban development in Cochise Count) Arizona. The analysis confirms expectations, with conventional planning approaches unintentionally fostering exurbanization and fueling the conversion of natural lands. Several principles are identified that should inform new approaches to land use planning in rural areas.

Executive, K. C. W. 1995]. Executive proposed King County park, recreation, and open space plan. [Seattle, Wash. :: King County Executive,
Parks -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Recreation -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Open spaces -- Washington (State) -- King County -- Planning
Cover title
"May, 1995."
This is a review of open space in King County. There are many maps showing different areas of King County at different times. Very similar to 1996 King County parks, rec and open space plan accept that this document has less qualitative text and many more maps.

Farina, A. 1998. Principles and methods in landscape ecology.
New ideas such as percolation, metapopulation and hierarchies are covered as is the management, conservation, restorartion, and sustainable development of landscapes. Methods for studying landscape ecology are covered including spatial geometry models and remote sensing.

Fausold, C. J. and Lilieholm, R. J. 1999. The economic value of open space: A review and synthesis. Environmental Management 23(3): 307-320.
conservation; economic value; land use; open space; zoning
valuation
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BURCHELL RW, 1995, LAND INFRASTRUCTURE
BURCHELL RW, 1985, NEW PRACTITIONERS GU
BURCHELL RW, 1980, PRACTITIONERS GUIDE
CLOSSER JE, 1994, ASSESSMENT J, V1, P20
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DAILY GC, 1997, NATURES SERVICES SOC
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FREEMAN AM, 1993, MEASUREMENT ENV RESO
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HUMMELINCK MGW, 1984, ENV FEATURES, V843
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KITCHEN JW, 1967, LAND ECON, V43, P357
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KRUTILLA JV, 1975, EC NATURAL ENV STUDI
KUSLER J, 1993, ENV, V35, P6
LACY J, 1990, EXAMINATION MARKET A
LADD H, 1992, EFFECTS POPULATION G
LEOPOLD A, 1949, SAND COUNTY ALMANAC
LOOMIS JB, 1993, INTEGRATED PUBLIC LA
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PARSONS GR, 1992, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V22, P25
PIZAM A, 1978, J TRAVEL RES, V16, P8
PROPST L, 1993, FISCAL EC IMPACTS LO
RODDEWIG RJ, 1993, APPRAISAL J JAN, P52
ROLSTON H, 1988, ENV ETHICS DUTIES VA
ROSE CM, 1994, ENV L, V24, P1
SAMUELSON PA, 1973, ECONOMICS
SMALL SJ, 1990, FEDERAL TAX LAW CONS
SMALL SJ, 1996, LAND PEOPLE, V8, P14
SMITH VK, 1993, LAND ECON, V69, P1
SORG CF, 1984, RM107 USDA FOR SERV
SORG CF, 1986, USDA FOREST SERVICE
SORG CF, 1985, USDA FOREST SERVICE
STEVENS T, 1990, EC VALUE BALD EAGLES
STIRLING A, 1993, ECOLOGIST, V23, P97
STONE C, 1974, SHOULD TREES HAVE ST
THIBODEAU FR, 1981, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P19
TISCHLER P, 1988, 207 MIS INT CIT MAN
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WALSH R, 1982, W J AGR EC, V7, P1
WALSH RG, 1984, LAND ECON, V60, P14
WEICHER JC, 1973, LAND ECON, V49, P99
WEISBROD B, 1964, Q J ECON, V78, P471
WEISS MA, 1987, RISE COMMUNITY BUILD
WHEELER DP, 1996, LAND USE AM, P155
171HU
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Communities increasingly face development pressures that can irreversibly alter open space lands. While the monetary costs and benefits oi development are typically known, the corresponding values of natural lands are complex and difficult to measure. This paper reviews different concepts of economic value in relation to open space, describes methods for quantifying these values, and presents examples of each from published literature. Open space benefits accruing to citizens as market values or consumers' surplus include market and enhancement values, production values, natural systems value, use and nonuse values, and various intangible values. Economic impacts that open space lands have on local communities and economies include fiscal impacts on municipal budgets, expenditures from open space-related activities, and impacts from employment and tax revenues. These values are not universally present within a given community, nor are they quantitatively additive. However, a comprehensive consideration of the multiple values of open space will better inform community decisions about land conservation and development.

Feagan, R. B. and Ripmeester, M. 1999. Contesting natural(ized) lawns: A geography of private green space in the Niagara region. Urban Geography 20(7): 617-634.
ecological naturalization; naturalization; transgression; lawn
Cited Reference Count: 33
Cited References:
1995, GREEN PLAN
*CBC, 1996, WEED FIL
*WEDI, 1996, GREAT LAK LAWNS HOM
BARTHES R, 1972, MYTHOLOGIES
BORMANN H, 1993, REDESIGNING AM LAWN
BOSCO T, 1995, ECOLOGICAL RESTORATI
CLARK C, 1986, AM FAMILY HOME 1800
COMAROFF J, 1992, ETHNOGRAPHY HIST IMA
COX G, 1988, LANDSCAPE RES, V13, P24
CRESSWELL T, 1996, PLACE OUT PLACE GEOG
DAIGLE J, 1996, RESTORING NATURES PL
DUNCAN J, 1988, ENVIRON PLANN D, V6, P117
EYLES J, 1989, HORIZONS HUMAN GEOGR, P102
FISHMAN R, 1987, BOURGEOIS UTOPIAS RI
GANS HJ, 1967, LEVITTOWNERS WAYS LI
GREGORY D, 1989, HORIZONS HUMAN GEOGR, P67
HANDLIN D, 1979, AM HOME ARCHITECTURE
JACKSON KT, 1985, CRABGRASS FRONTIER S
JENKINS V, 1994, LAWN HIST AM OBSESSI
JOHNSON L, 1995, ONTARIO NATURALIZED
KIRK J, 1996, HOME MECH MAY, P62
MITCHELL WT, 1994, LANDSCAPE POWER
MUELLERWILLE C, 1990, 230 U CHIC
POLLAN M, 1991, 2 NATURE
PRED A, 1990, MAKING HIST CONSTRUC
PRED A, 1986, PLACE PRACTICE POWER
SIBLEY D, 1995, GEOGRAPHIES EXCLUSIO
STALLYBRASS P, 1986, POLITICS POETICS TRA
TUAN YF, 1993, PASSING STRANGE WOND
VALVERDE M, 1991, AGE LIGHT SOAP WATER
WILSON A, 1991, CULTURE NATURE
WRIGHT G, 1983, BUILDING DREAM SOCIA
ZINSSER W, 1969, LIFE MAGAZINE AUG, V67, P10
274BJ
URBAN GEOGR
The lawn as material practice is historically grounded in a complex of influences that has given rise to its dominance as the appropriate landscaping form in urban and suburban North America for private green space. This occurs as a variety of ecological concerns challenge the continuation of the lawned landscape. The inability of such critique to displace this dominance attests to the ideological naturalization of the lawn. This paper examines current and historical factors that sustain the lawn's dominance and presents two interrelated findings. The first is the "social machinery" that delineates the informal and formal arrangements for upholding and monitoring landscaping practices. The second are residential property holders' perspectives on the importance of the lawn, and associations between residential yard practices and professed environmental concerns. Apparently, the lawn retains enough symbolic and material value to withstand critique, a quality that removes it from the geography of environmental concerns.

Ferris, J., Norman, C. and Sempik, J. 2001. People, land and sustainability: Community gardens and the social dimension of sustainable development. Social Policy & Administration 35(5): 559-568.
people; land; community gardens; sustainability; green space;
poverty; food security
Cited Reference Count: 15
Cited References:
*HC, 1998, 560 HC
BECK U, 1992, RISK SOC NEW MODERNI
BULLARD RD, 1994, UNEQUAL PROTECTION E
CHAVIS ME, 1997, ALTARS STREET NEIGHT
COOPERMARCUS C, 1995, GARDENS HEALTHCARE F
FERRIS JS, 2001, PEOPLE LAND SUSTAINA
GARREAU J, 1991, EDGE CITY LIFE NEW F
GOTTLIEB R, 1993, FORCING SPRING TRANS
LAPIDO D, 2001, NEW LEFT REV, P7
RODDICK J, 1993, ENV POLITICS, V2, P4
SACHS A, 1995, 127 WORLDW
SPRIGGS N, 1998, RESTORATIVE GARDENS
THOMAS C, 1993, ENV POLITICS, V2
WARNER BS, 1987, DWELL IS GARDEN
WATERS A, 1996, CHEZ PANISSE VEGETAB
491EB
SOC POLICY ADM
zCommunity gardens vary enormously in what they offer, according to local needs and circumstance. This article reports on research and experience from the USA. The context in which these findings are discussed is the implementation of Local Agenda 21 and sustainable development policies. In particular, emphasis is given to exploring the social dimension of sustainable development policies by linking issues of health, education, community development and food security with the use of green space in towns and cities. The article concludes that the use of urban open spaces for parks and gardens is closely associated with environmental justice and equity.

Filion, P. 2000. Balancing concentration and dispersion? Public policy and urban structure in Toronto. Environment and Planning C-Government and Policy 18(2): 163-189.
land-use; transport; cities; travel
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Cited References:
1998, CITY COUNCIL COMMITT
1995, GLOBE MAIL 0216, PA9
1995, TORONTO STAR 0215, PA1
1995, TORONTO STAR 0215, PA12
1990, TORONTO STAR 0307, PA1
1997, TORONTO STAR 1108, PA1
1997, TORONTO STAR 1108, PA25
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*ERNST YOUNG, 1992, AT PROJ AUD PROJ MAN
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*GOV ONT, CONSTR PROGR MIN TRA
*GOV ONT, 1970, DES DEV TOR CTR REG
*GOV ONT, 1973, GOV POL PARKW BELT W
*GOV ONT, 1997, PROV MOD PLAN EQ GTA
*GOV ONT, 1975, YORK DURH WAT SEW SY
*GOVT ONT, 1952, STAT PROV ONT 1 EL 3, PCH73
*GREAT TOR AR TASK, 1996, GREAT TOR AR TASK FO
*GTSB, 1997, CORP REP GTSB
*JOINT PROGR TRANS, TOR TRANSP STUD
*M MCD RES ASS, 1994, COMPR BUYER PROF
*MARKB PROP, MEAD NEW URB LIF STY
*METR TOR, 1990, GTA CONC FUT
*METR TOR, 1974, INT METR HOUS POL
*METR TOR, 1995, METR FACTS 1994 METR, V26
*METR TOR, 1960, OFF PLAN
*OGTA, 1991, GROW TOG URB CONS GR
*OGTA, 1991, GTA 2021 CHALL OUR F
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*PLANN DEV DEP, 1991, AT 2
*PLANN DEV DEP, 1974, ETHN CHANG 1951 1971
*ROYAL COMM FUT TO, 1992, REG TOR WAT SUST CIT
*ROYAL LEP, 1995, TOR OFF LEAS LEAS DI
*STAT CAN, 1977, 92806 STAT CAN MIN I
*STAT CAN, 1993, 93323 STAT CAN RH CO
*STAT CAN, 1997, 93357XPB STAT CAN RH
*STAT CAN, 1993, 95353 STAT CAN RH CO
*STAT CAN, 1978, 99719 STAT CAN MIN I
*TTC, 1990, 1989 ANN REP TOR TRA
*TTC, 1997, 1996 ANN REP TOR TRA
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BACHER JC, 1993, KEEPING MARKETPLACE
BALDASSARE M, 1986, TROUBLE PARADISE SUB
BARBER J, 1997, GLOBE MAIL 1029, PA11
BOURNE LS, 1992, CANADIAN J URBAN RES, V1, P69
BOURNE LS, 1991, ECON GEOGR, V67, P185
BOURNE LS, 1992, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V58, P509
CAULDFIELD J, 1974, TINY PERFECT MAYOR
CERVERO R, 1989, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V55, P136
CERVERO R, 1997, TRANSPORT RES A-POL, V31, P309
CLARK WAV, 1994, URBAN STUD, V31, P465
DENNIS M, 1972, PROGRAMS SEARCH POLI
FARROW M, 1997, GETTING TOGETHER REP
FILION P, 1996, DYNAMICS DISPERSED C
FILION P, 1996, ENVIRON PLANN A, V28, P1637
FILION P, IN PRESS INT J URBAN
FILION P, 1988, URBAN HIST REV, V17, P16
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GOLDBERG M, 1986, MYTH N AM CITY
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GORDON P, 1991, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V57, P416
HALL GB, 1988, PROF GEOGR, V40, P297
HANDFIELDJONES SE, 1993, CLIN EXP DERMATOL, V18, P253
HARRIS R, 1996, UNPLANNED SUBURBS TO
ISIN E, 1993, RESETTLING CITIES CA
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KEIL R, 1996, LOCAL PLACES AGE GLO, P1
KENWORTHY JR, 1996, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V16, P279
KLING R, 1991, POSTSUBURBAN AM
KUMAR A, 1990, REG STUD, V24, P137
LEUNG HL, 1993, RESIDENTIAL DENSITY
LORIMER J, 1970, REAL WORLD CITY POLI
MERCER J, 1991, CANADIAN CITIES TRAN, P45
MILLER G, 1997, GTA URB STRUCT ANAL
MILLS D, 1969, E MILLS NEW TOWN PRO
MILLWARD RE, 1990, ATARATIRI PRINCIPLES
MURDIE RA, 1969, 115 RP U CHIC DEP GE
MURDIE RA, 1994, CHANGING CANADIAN ME, P293
NEWMAN PWG, 1989, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V55, P24
NEWMAN PWG, 1996, LAND USE POLICY, V13, P1
NOWLAN DM, 1991, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V57, P165
PHAROAH T, 1996, LAND USE POLICY, V13, P23
PICKETT SH, 1968, U TORONTO LAW J, V18, P233
PILL J, 1988, TRANS LAND US URB FO, P57
PUSHKAREV BS, 1977, PUBLIC TRANSIT LAND
RELPH E, 1987, MODERN URBAN LANDSCA
RICHMOND AH, 1967, IMMIGRANTS ETHNIC GR
ROSE A, 1972, GOVERNING METROPOLIT
ROSE A, 1958, REGENT PARK STUDY SL
ROWE PG, 1991, MAKING MIDDLE LANDSC
SEWELL J, 1972, CITY HALL
SEWELL J, 1977, CITY MAGAZINE, V21, P28
SEWELL J, 1993, SHAPE CITY TORONTO S
SKELTON I, 1995, CANADIAN J URBAN RES, V4, P228
SLACK E, 1996, IS EC CRISIS GTA COR
STANBACK TM, 1991, NEW SUBURBANIZATION
THOMSON JM, 1977, GREAT CITIES THEIR T
TOMALTY R, 1997, COMPACT METROPOLIS G
TOMALTY R, 1996, THESIS U WATERLOO WA
WACHS M, 1993, URBAN STUD, V30, P1711
YAGI T, 1995, URBAN STUD, V32, P124
302TP
ENVIRON PLAN C-GOV POLICY
By North American standards Toronto is a concentrated agglomeration. its downtown has enjoyed spectacular growth since the 1960s; most inner-city neighbourhoods are perceived as desirable; and public transit patronage is high relative to that of same-size North American metropolitan regions. Still, it is within dispersed, car-oriented, suburbs that most post- 1950 development has taken place. This agglomeration is composed of two realms-a concentrated and a dispersed realm- differentiated by their respective land-use - transportation dynamic. The concentrated realm is defined by a considerable reliance on walking and public transportation, a mixing of land uses and overall higher employment and residential densities than elsewhere in the metropolitan region. Meanwhile, the dispersed realm is car dependent, dominated by large monofunctional zones and developed at a relatively low density. The author links the coexistence and respective importance of these two realms in the Toronto agglomeration both to the nature of urban policies implemented since 1950 and to the circumstances that have led to their adoption. The construction of expressways, suburban type land-use planning, and a generous provision of open space have abetted dispersion. By contrast, the construction of a subway system and measures encouraging the redevelopment of underused land have promoted growth within the concentrated portion of the agglomeration. It is noteworthy, however, that these measures have failed in their attempts to induce concentration beyond the prewar urbanized perimeter. The author examines the positive and negative aspects of the presence of these two realms within a given agglomeration and highlights the threat newly adopted policies represent for the concentrated realm.

Fleury-Allison-M, B.-R.-D. 1997. A framework for the design of wildlife conservation corridors with specific application to southwestern Ontario. Landscape-and-Urban-Planning. 37(3-4): 163-186.

Natural disturbances and human development can cause habitat fragmentation. Plant and animal populations can become isolated, but wildlife corridors can potentially alleviate the problem by providing linkages between isolated patches of natural areas. These connecting corridors need to be designed to create habitat appropriate for target species. This study developed a framework for design of wildlife corridors which considered both critical corridor attributes and target species. It provided a methodology for use in designing corridors to ensure appropriate species composition. Objectives included identifying and analyzing attributes which constitute a corridor. An 'ecosystem approach' for selecting guilds of target species was used. The framework was applied to a fragmented landscape case study in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Results indicated that, by applying this framework to a fragmented landscape, ecologically appropriate corridors could be designed when corridor attributes and target species were carefully analyzed. In addition, it was shown that optimal corridor designs could be altered to fit a landscape's opportunities and constraints.

Foresta, R. A. 1981. Open Space Policy; New Jersey's Green Acres Program. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press


Forman, R. T. 1995. Land Mosaics. New York: Cambridge University Press


Fung, T. and Siu, W. 2000. Environmental quality and its changes, an analysis using NDVI. International Journal of Remote Sensing 21(5): 1011-1024.
vegetation indexes; data set; avhrr; update
Cited Reference Count: 22
Cited References:
*CENS STAT DEP, 1991, HONG KONG 1991 POP C
*SPSS INC, 1993, SPSS WIND BAS SYST U
ASHWORTH JM, 1993, HONG KONG FLORA FAUN
ECKHARDT DW, 1990, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V56, P1515
EIDENSHINK JC, 1992, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V58, P809
FUNG T, 1998, GEOCARTO INT, V13, P47
FUNG T, 1992, GEOCARTO INT, V7, P33
FUNG T, 1997, HONG KONT PEARL RIVE, P83
FUNG T, 1994, PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S, V60, P173
GUTMAN GG, 1991, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V35, P121
JENSEN JR, 1996, INTRO DIGITAL IMAGE
LO CP, 1995, INT J REMOTE SENS, V16, P17
LO CP, 1997, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V62, P143
LYON JG, 1997, PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENG, V64, P143
MARSH SE, 1992, INT J REMOTE SENS, V13, P2997
MCPHERSON EG, 1994, ECOLOGICAL CITY PRES, P151
PERRY CR, 1984, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V14, P169
RICHARDS JA, 1993, REMOTE SENSING DIGIT
TOWNSHEND J, 1991, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V35, P243
TOWNSHEND JRG, 1994, INT J REMOTE SENS, V15, P3417
TUCKER CJ, 1979, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V8, P127
WEBER C, 1992, INT J REMOTE SENS, V13, P3251
293WF
INT J REMOTE SENS
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from SPOT HRV multispectral data was used to study the changing environmental quality of Hong Kong from 1987, 1991 and 1993 to 1995. Conventional change detection techniques such as image differencing or principal components analysis helped to highlight salient changes. These techniques, however, were less effective in identifying subtle changes, in particular the amount and quality of green space. Integrating the mean NDVI values at the Tertiary Planning Unit (TPU) level with census and land-cover data showed that the NDVI values were related to woodland, tall scrubland and high-density urban areas. It was also related to the level of crowding as depicted from a factor analysis of census data. Tracing the changing pattern of mean NDVI values revealed that areas with continuous increases in NDVI values are scattered around old urban districts experiencing improved landscaping. Areas of continuous decrease in NDVI values covered a large part of rural New Territories and western Hong Kong Island revealing the urban expansion process. This provided valuable information for the assessment of environmental quality for planning and management of the environment.

Gatrell, J. D. and Jensen, R. R. 2002. Growth through greening: developing and assessing alternative economic development programmes. Applied Geography 22(4): 331-350.
economic development; green space; quality of life; smart
growth; urban forestry
urban forest amenities; environment; sacramento; impacts;
region; city
Cited Reference Count: 41
Cited References:
2001, MONEY MAGAZINE
2001, NY TIMES 0830, PB3
*CIT GAIN OFF MAN, 2001, CIT GAIN CIT OP SURV
*CIT GAIN OFF MAN, 2000, CIT GAIN CIT OP SURV
*CIT GAIN OFF MAN, 2001, CIT GAIN FY 00 01 WO
*CIT GEN, 2002, MUN COD ORD SECT 30
*CIT OC, 2002, MUN COD ORD SECT 118
*EPA, 1992, COOL OUR COMM GUID T
*OC EC DEV CORP, 2002, OEDC HOM
*TREEP, 2000, TREEP HOM PAG
ANDERSON LM, 1985, SE J APPL FORESTRY, V9, P162
BLOUIN G, 1993, 1 CAN URB FOR C CAN, P4
BROWN N, 2001, SCI TECHNOL HUM VAL, V26, P3
CALAVITA N, 1994, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V60, P483
CALAVITA N, 1992, J URBAN AFF, V14, P1
CALAVITA N, 1997, PLANNING, V63, P18
COX KR, 1995, URBAN STUD, V32, P213
DANIELS PW, 1985, SERVICE IND GEOGRAPH
ENGLISH M, 1999, FORUM APPL RES PUBLI, V14, P35
FLORES A, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V39, P295
FREILICH R, 1999, SPRAWL GROWTH SUCCES
GATRELL JD, 1999, SOC SCI J, V36, P623
GLASMEIER A, 1994, INT REGIONAL SCI REV, V16, P197
JENSEN RR, 2000, THESIS U FLORIDA
KATO Y, 1997, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V6, P1271
KUO FE, 2001, ENVIRON BEHAV, V33, P5
LARSON R, 1997, GEOCARTO INT, V12, P5
MCPHERSON EG, 1998, ATMOS ENVIRON, V32, P75
OFARRELL PN, 1993, REG STUD, V27, P385
QUATTORCHI D, 1999, HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUT
RIDD MK, 1998, REMOTE SENS ENVIRON, V63, P95
ROSS B, 2001, DISSENT WIN, P50
SHEA C, 1998, REPORT IS GAINESVILL
SIMPSON JR, 1998, ATMOS ENVIRON, V32, P69
SIMPSON JR, 1998, J ARBORICULT, V24, P201
SUMMIT J, 1998, ATMOS ENVIRON, V32, P1
THOMPSON D, 2001, STAR BANNER 0122
TYRVAINEN L, 2000, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V39, P205
TYRVAINEN L, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V43, P105
VOGEL R, 1989, URBAN AFF QUART, V25, P62
WEITZ J, 1999, SPRAWL BUSTING STATE
622KM
APPL GEOGR
The paper articulates how communities can capitalize on the specific benefits of urban forestry and assesses the outcomes of urban forestry efforts. To accomplish this, the paper defines the context of local economic development and urban forestry; outlines the economic, aesthetic, and ecological benefits of a smart-growth agenda that includes urban forestry; and presents two brief case studies that empirically assess the viability of urban forestry policy by measuring the dynamics of the urban canopy. The research methodology presented here can be used by policy-makers to assess policy outcomes and the overall success of smarter and greener economic development strategies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Geoghegan, J., Wainger, L. A. and Bockstael, N. E. 1997. Spatial landscape indices in a hedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GIS. Ecological Economics 23(3): 251-264.
hedonic models; spatial landscape index; spatial heterogeneity;
geographical information system
diversity; patterns; models; risk
Cited Reference Count: 34
Cited References:
BAKER WL, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V7, P291
BURGESS RL, 1981, FOREST ISLAND DYNAMI
COSTANZA R, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P545
COSTANZA R, 1992, ECOSYSTEM HLTH NEW G
DORFMAN JH, 1996, J AGR RESOUR ECON, V21, P109
FITZ HC, 1996, ECOL MODEL, V88, P263
FREEMAN AM, 1993, MEASUREMENT ENV RESO
GARROD G, 1992, APPL ECON, V24, P715
GEOGHEGAN J, 1995, ASS ENV RES EC ALL S
HARRIS LD, 1988, ENVIRON MANAGE, V12, P675
HUNSAKER CT, 1995, BIOSCIENCE, V45, P193
HUNSAKER CT, 1992, ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR, P997
HUNSAKER CT, 1990, ENVIRON MANAGE, V14, P325
LANSFORD NH, 1995, J AGR RESOUR ECON, V20, P341
MACARTHUR RH, 1967, THEORY ISLAND BIOGEO
MAGEAU MT, 1995, ECOSYST HEALTH, V1, P201
MICHAELS RG, 1990, J URBAN ECON, V28, P223
MOYLE PB, 1986, ECOLOGY BIOL INVASIO, P27
ONEILL RV, 1992, ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR, P1443
ONEILL RV, 1988, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V1, P153
PERRINGS C, 1995, BIODIVERSITY LOSS EC
PICKETT STA, 1985, ECOLOGY NATURAL DIST
PIELOU EC, 1975, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
PLOTNICK RE, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V8, P201
QUINN JF, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V75, P132
RIDKER RG, 1967, REV ECON STAT, V49, P246
ROBINSON GR, 1988, OECOLOGIA, V76, P71
RUDIS VA, 1981, FOREST ISLAND DYNAMI, P241
SCHINDLER DW, 1990, EARTH TRANSITION PAT, P425
SCHINDLER DW, 1985, SCIENCE, V228, P1395
TURNER MG, 1989, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V20, P171
TURNER MG, 1990, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V4, P21
TURNER MG, 1987, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V1, P29
WOODLEY S, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY
YM351
ECOL ECON
This paper develops a spatial hedonic model to explain residential values in a region within a 30-mile radius of Washington DC. Hedonic models of housing or land values are commonplace, but are rarely estimated for non-urban problems and never using the type of spatial data (geographical information system or GIS) available to us. Our approach offers the potential for a richer model, one that allows for spatial heterogeneity in estimation, and one that ties residential land values to features of the landscape. Beyond the traditional variables to explain residential values, such as man-made and ecological features of the parcel and distance to cities and natural amenities, we also hypothesize that the value of a parcel in residential land use is affected by the pattern of surrounding land uses, not just specific features of point locations. We have also created and added these variables to the hedonic model by choosing an appropriate area around an observation, and calculating measures of percent open space, diversity, and fragmentation of land uses, measured at different scales around that observation. These indices have, for the most part, been significant in the models. By including two of the landscape indices developed by landscape ecologists, we have developed a model that explains land and housing values more completely, by capturing how individuals value the diversity and fragmentation of land uses around their homes. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Geoghegan, J. 2002. The value of open spaces in residential land use. Land Use Policy 19(1): 91-98.
open space; land preservation; hedonic models
contingent valuation; spatial autocorrelation; public
preferences; hedonic models; house prices; farmland; amenities;
economics; attributes; quality
Cited Reference Count: 47
Cited References:
ALONSO W, 1964, LOCATION LAND USE
ANAS A, 1998, J ECON LIT, V36, P1426
BEASLEY SD, 1986, GROWTH CHANGE, V17, P70
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BOCKSTAEL NE, 1996, AM J AGR ECON, V78, P1168
BREFFLE WS, 1998, URBAN STUD, V35, P715
BRUECKNER JK, 1983, J URBAN ECON, V13, P216
CAN A, 1990, ECON GEOGR, V66, P254
CAN A, 1992, REGIONAL SCI URBAN E, V22, P491
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DO AQ, 1995, J REAL ESTATE FINANC, V10, P261
DORFMAN JH, 1996, J AGR RESOUR ECON, V21, P109
DUBIN RA, 1992, REG SCI URBAN ECON, V22, P433
DUBIN RA, 1988, REV ECON STAT, V70, P466
FREEMAN AM, 1993, MEASUREMENT ENV RESO
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GARROD GD, 1992, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V2, P415
GARROD GD, 1992, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V34, P59
GEOGHEGAN J, 1997, ECOL ECON, V23, P251
HALSTEAD JM, 1984, J NE AGR EC COUNCIL, V13, P12
HAMMER TR, 1974, J AM I PLANNERS, V40, P274
HOYT WH, 1997, J URBAN ECON, V42, P159
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KLINE J, 1996, EUR REV AGRIC ECON, V23, P421
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LEGGETT CG, 2000, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V39, P121
MCMILLAN M, 1974, LAND ECON, V50, P410
MCMILLEN DP, 1995, J REGIONAL SCI, V35, P417
MCMILLEN DP, 1992, J REGIONAL SCI, V32, P335
MICHAELS RG, 1990, J URBAN ECON, V28, P223
MIESZKOWSKI P, 1993, J ECON PERSPECT, V7, P135
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NICKERSON CJ, 2001, AM J AGR ECON, V83, P341
PEISER RB, 1993, J ARCHIT PLAN RES, V10, P91
PLATT RH, 1996, LAND USE SOC GEOGRAP
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RIDKER RG, 1967, REV ECON STAT, V49, P246
TIEBOUT CM, 1956, J POLITICAL EC, V64, P416
TYRVAINEN L, 2000, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V39, P205
VESTERBY M, 1997, 3 USDA ERS NRED
WEICHER JC, 1973, LAND ECON, V49, P99
522NA
LAND USE POLICY
The preservation of open spaces has become an important policy topic in many regions. Policy tools that have been used include: cluster zoning; transferable development rights; proposed land taxes to fund purchases of remaining open spaces; and private organizations that buy land. This paper develops a theoretical model of how different types of open spaces are valued by residential land owners living near these open spaces, and then, using a hedonic pricing model, tests hypotheses concerning the extent to which these different types of open spaces are capitalized into housing prices. The empirical results from Howard County, a rapidly developing county in Maryland, USA, show that "permanent" open space increases near-by residential land values over three times as much as an equivalent amount of "developable" open space, This methodology can be used to help inform policy decisions concerning open space preservation, such as effectively targeting certain areas for preservation, or as a means of creative financing of the purchase of conservation easements, through the increase in property taxes, resulting from the associated increase in property values. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Graeme Caughley, A. G. 1996. Conservation biology in theory and practice. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Science


Gregory, R. D. and Baillie, S. R. 1998. Large-scale habitat use of some declining British birds. Journal of Applied Ecology 35(5): 785-799.
bird conservation; Breeding Bird Survey; distance sampling;
line transects
corncrake crex-crex; farmland birds; south pennines; britain;
selection; ireland; england; associations; blackbirds;
demography
Cited Reference Count: 57
Cited References:
1995, BIODIVERSITY UK STEE
*JNCC, 1996, CONS IMP LIST
AKAIKE M, 1973, INT S INF THEOR, P267
ARNOLD GW, 1983, J APPL ECOL, V20, P731
BARR CJ, 1993, COUNTRYSIDE SURVEY 1
BATTEN LA, 1973, BIRD STUDY, V20, P251
BEVINGTON A, 1991, BIRD STUDY, V38, P87
BIBBY CJ, 1987, ACTA OECOL-OEC GEN, V8, P103
BIBBY CJ, 1992, BIRD CENSUS TECHNIQU
BIBBY CJ, 1985, J APPL ECOL, V22, P619
BIGNAL EM, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P413
BROWN AF, 1993, J APPL ECOL, V30, P31
BUCKLAND ST, 1993, DISTANCE SAMPLING ES
CRAMP S, 1995, BIRDS W PALAEARCTIC, V9
CRAMP S, 1994, BIRDS W PALAEARCTIC, V8
CRAMP S, 1988, BIRDS W PALEARCTIC, V5
CRICK HQP, 1992, BIRD STUDY, V39, P1
DODDS GW, 1995, MANAGEMENT GUIDE BIR
DONALD P, 1994, BTO NEWS, V195, P8
EVANS AD, 1994, BIRD STUDY, V41, P81
FEARE CJ, 1996, BRIT BIRDS, V89, P549
FULLER RJ, 1994, BIRD NUMBERS 1992 DI, P19
FULLER RJ, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1425
FULLER RJ, 1997, ECOGRAPHY, V20, P295
GATES S, 1994, LARGE SCALE ECOLOGY, P153
GIBBONS DW, 1995, IBIS S, V137, PS75
GIBBONS DW, 1993, NEW ATLAS BREEDING B
GIBBONS DW, 1996, RSPB CONSERVATION RE, V10, P7
GREEN R, 1978, J ANIM ECOL, V47, P913
GREEN RE, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P237
GREEN RE, 1994, J APPL ECOL, V31, P677
GREEN RE, 1993, J APPL ECOL, V30, P689
GREGORY RD, 1997, BREEDING BIRD SURVEY
GREGORY RD, 1996, BREEDING BIRD SURVEY
GREGORY RD, 1997, IN PRESS P BIRD NUMB
HATCHWELL BJ, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P1114
HAWORTH PF, 1990, J APPL ECOL, V27, P562
JACOBS J, 1974, OECOLOGIA, V14, P413
LAAKE JL, 1994, DISTANCE USERS GUIDE
MARCHANT J, 1996, BTO NEWS, V204, P9
MARCHANT JH, 1994, P 12 INT C IBCC EOAC, P87
MARCHANT JH, 1990, POPULATION TRENDS BR
NEWTON I, 1972, FINCHES
OCONNOR RJ, 1986, FARMING BIRDS
PEACH WJ, 1996, BIRD STUDY 2, V43, P142
POTTS GR, 1986, PARTRIDGE PESTICIDES
PULLIAM HR, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P652
SCHLAPFER A, 1988, ORNITHOLOGISCHER BOT, V8, P309
SHAW G, 1995, BIRD STUDY, V42, P158
SIRIWARDENA GM, 1998, J APPL ECOL, V35, P24
STILLMAN RA, 1994, BIOL CONSERV, V69, P307
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164HJ
J APPL ECOL
1. Large-scale habitat use of eight species of breeding birds was considered using data collected across Britain. The species were skylark Alauda arvensis (L.), dunnock Prunella modularis (L.), blackbird Turdus merula (L.), song thrush Turdus philomelos (L.), starling Sturnus vulgaris (L.), linnet Carduelis cannabina (L.), bullfinch Pyrrhula Pyrrhula (L.) and reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus (L.). All are linked by roughly synchronous population declines over the last 25 years in southern Britain land mostly in farmland landscapes). Discussion is limited to the conservation status of these species. 2, Breeding densities were estimated for broad habitat types and these were used to estimate population sizes within habitat types. Confidence limits on the estimates were derived using a bootstrap procedure. 3. For most species considered, farmland holds a high proportion of their population tin excess of 50% for four species), reflecting the predominance of this land use across Britain. This suggests that sympathetic changes in farming practices are likely to provide the best mechanism for improving the status of these species. 4. Substantial proportions of particular species occur outside farmland, but different species occur in different habitats. A considerable proportion of skylarks occur on upland moor, bullfinches in wooded habitats, and reed buntings in riparian habitats. Conservation of this group of species thus requires appropriate management of the wider countryside, including their main habitats. 5, Habitats associated with human habitation hold > 20% of the British populations of blackbird, song thrush and starling, and considerable numbers of other species. The management of parks, gardens and other 'green space' may have an important impact on their populations and should not be neglected by conservationists.

Griffith, J. C. 1994. Open Space Preservation - an Imperative for Quality Campus Environments. Journal of Higher Education 65(6): 645-669.
Cited Reference Count: 28
Cited References:
*CORN U, 1990, CAMP PLAN, V1
*KENY C, 1991, MAST PLAN
*MI STAT U, 1968, ZON ORD
*MIAM U, 1990, ABBR PLANN GUID MIAM
*NW U, 1991, NW U MAST PLAN CONC
*OH STAT U, 1960, CAMP PLANN B, V7
*OH STAT U, 1961, CAMP PLANN STUD PHAS
*PURD U, MAST PLAN CAMP GROWS
*STAND U, 1991, CAMP PLAN 2ND CENT
*STAND U, 1987, FOOTH REG PLAN PHAS
*STAND U, 1989, LANDSC DES GUID
*STAND U, 1987, NEAR W CAMP PLAN
*U IA, 1990, CAMP PLANN FRAM
*U IL URB CHAMP, 1989, CENT CAMP MAST PLAN
*U IL URB CHAMP, 1985, N CAMP MAST PLAN
*U MI, 1963, CENT CAMP PLANN STUD
*U MI MAD, 1991, MAST PLAN
*U MN OFF PHYS PLA, 1990, LANDSC DEV PROJ ENTR
*U VA, 1990, FAC MAST PLAN
BOYER EL, 1987, COLLEGE UNDERGRADUAT
BRUEGGEBORS C, 1992, COMMUNICATION 0713
CASATI RW, 1992, COMMUNICATION 0416
DOBER RP, 1992, CAMPUS DESIGN
DOBER RP, 1963, CAMPUS PLANNING
GAINES TA, 1991, CAMPUS WORK ART
HELMAN L, 1992, MAY FAC PLANN C COL
MAYER F, 1980, PLANNING HIGHER ED, V8, P1
TURNER PV, 1990, CAMPUS AM PLANNING T
PQ954
J HIGH EDUC
This article urges higher education administrators to place greater importance upon the preservation of open space as an essential campus asset. Only thoughtful site planning pursuant to a master plan that includes strategies to preserve open space will mitigate the powerful campus forces that operate to deplete open space.

Haas, P. and Springer, J. F. 1998. Applied policy research: Concepts and cases. New York, New York: Garland Publishing Company

This book is divided into two parts. The first part includes an introduction to policy research and defining strategies for policy research in context. Referred to as situation-based policy research, the authors review critical questions that need to be addressed in this process: who will use the information, what kinds of information are needed, and what resources are available to conduct the research. A practical approach to policy research design and implementation is presented. This approach includes: defining the problem (from a client and analyst perspective); planning the research (including research design, techniques, proposal, and work plan); data collection and analysis; and presentation of results. The second part includes a series of case studies highlighting challenges of the practical model of policy analysis. The final chapter closes with lessons learned from the case study analyses and ethical challenges. The appendix includes an example of a request for proposals.
Overall, a very pragmatic approach and useful book for conducting analysis of newly implemented or proposed policies. There is no mention of historical analysis or use of secondary data sources.

Haire, S. L., Bock, C. E., Cade, B. S. and Bennett, B. C. 2000. The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space. Landscape and Urban Planning 48(1-2): 65-82.
landscape; habitat; grassland birds; limiting factors; reserve
design; management; regression quantiles
regression quantiles; birds; ecology; selection; ecosystem;
patterns; scale
Cited Reference Count: 38
Cited References:
*CIT BOULD, 1998, OP SPAC CHART MAN PL
BARRODALE I, 1974, COMMUN ACM, V17, P319
BENNETT BC, 1997, BIODIVERSITY OPEN 1
BOCK CE, 1997, CONDOR, V99, P1
CADE BS, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P311
CZAPLEWSKI R, 1994, RM316 USDA FOR SERV
DELEO GA, 1997, CONSERVATION ECOLOGY, V1, P3
DESANTE DF, 1994, STUDIES AVIAN BIOL, V15, P173
FLATHER CH, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P28
GOLLEY FB, 1996, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V11, P321
HAIRE SL, 1998, THESIS COLOARDO STAT
HERKERT JR, 1994, ECOL APPL, V4, P461
HURVICH CM, 1990, STAT PROBABIL LETT, V9, P259
KAISER MS, 1994, J AM STAT ASSOC, V89, P410
KAREIVA P, 1995, NATURE, V373, P299
KNICK ST, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1059
KNOPF FL, 1996, PRAIRIE CONSERVATION, PCH10
KOENKER R, 1996, 970100 OFF RES COLL
KOENKER R, 1994, APPL STAT-J ROY ST C, V43, P410
KOENKER R, 1994, ASYMPTOTIC STAT, P349
KOENKER RW, 1987, APPL STAT-J ROY ST C, V36, P383
KOTLIAR NB, 1990, OIKOS, V59, P253
MCDONNELL MJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1232
MCGARIGAL K, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P235
MCGARIGAL K, 1995, PNWGTR531 USDA FOR S
MUTEL CF, 1992, GRASSLAND GLACIER NA
NAEEM S, 1991, ECOLOGICAL HETEROGEN, PCH12
PRIBIL S, 1997, CAN J ZOOL, V75, P1835
SAAB V, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P135
STEINAUER EM, 1996, PRAIRIE CONSERVATION, PCH3
THOMSON JD, 1996, ECOLOGY, V77, P1698
TURNER MG, 1995, BIOSCIENCE S, PS29
WIENS JA, 1981, ECOL MONOGR, V51, P21
WIENS JA, 1989, ECOLOGY BIRD COMMUNI, V2
WIENS JA, 1989, FUNCT ECOL, V3, P385
WIENS JA, 1994, IBIS, V137, PS97
WIENS JA, 1995, MOSAIC LANDSCAPES EC, PCH1
WILSON WH, 1998, J FIELD ORNITHOL, V69, P540
305RC
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
We examine the relationships between abundance of grassland nesting songbirds observed in the Boulder Open Space, CO, USA and parameters that described landscape and habitat characteristics, in order to provide information for Boulder Open Space planners and managers. Data sets included bird abundance and plant species composition, collected during three breeding seasons (1994-1996), and landscape composition and configuration measures from a satellite image-derived land- cover map. We used regression quantiles to estimate the limitations imposed on bird abundance by urban encroachment and decreasing areas of grassland cover-types on the landscape, and habitat characteristics within 200 m diameter sample plots. After accounting for the effect of landscape grassland composition on four species (Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), Homed Lark (Eremophila alpestris), and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)), change in abundance with proportion of urban area in the landscape was consistent with the pattern expected for limiting factors that were the active constraint at some times and places. Area of preferred grassland cover-types on the landscape was important for all species, and this remained the case when habitat variables were included in combined landscape-habitat models, with one exception (Western Meadowlark). Analysis of habitat variables enabled identification of important features at the local scale (e.g. shale plant communities in Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus) habitat) that were indistinguishable using landscape data alone. Consideration of changes in the landscape due to urbanization and loss of grassland habitat are crucial for open space planning, and habitat features associated with localized and clumped bird species distributions provide important additional information. Widening the management focus to include areas that are not part of the open space system will facilitate a more complete understanding of potential limiting factor processes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Hammatt, H. 2001. Taking the high road - Designers work to preserve open space in Manhattan (Concerned citizens are fighting to preserve the High-Line track running along the Hudson River from 34th-street through West-Chelsea). Landscape Architecture 91(1): 20-20.
Cited Reference Count: 0
390HC
LANDSCAPE ARCHIT

Hansen-Andrew-J, U.-D. 1992. Avian response to landscape pattern: The role of species' life histories. Landscape-Ecology. 7(3): 163-180.

We suggest that the life histories of species within communities may differ among geographic locations and that communities from distinct biomes may respond uniquely to a given trajectory of landscape change. The paper presents initial tests relevant to these hypotheses. First, the representation of various life-history guilds in avifaunas from the Eastern Deciduous (EDF) and Pacific Northwest (PNW) forests were compared. Three guilds contained more species in the EDF community (large patch and/or habitat interior guild, small patch and/or edge guild, and fragmentation-sensitive guild). The guild of predators requiring large forest tracts was better represented in the PNW. Next, the relative sensitivity of each community to habitat change was ranked based on the life-history traits of their species. The EDF avifauna had a significantly higher index of sensitivity to both forest fragmentation and to landscape change in general. Among the birds with high scores for sensitivity to landscape change were several species that have received little conservation attention thus far including some associated with open-canopy habitats. Lastly, the validity of using life histories to predict community response to landscape change was supported by the fact that the sensitivity scores for PNW species correlated significantly with independent data on species population trends. While more rigorous analyses are suggested, we conclude that knowledge of life histories is useful for predicting community response to landscape change and that conservation strategies should be uniquely tailored to local communities

Hansen-Andrew-J, G.-S.-L., Marks-Barbara. 1993. An approach for managing vertebrate diversity across multiple-use landscapes. Ecological-Applications. 3(3): 481-496.

production. We present an approach for managing the habitats of terrestrial vertebrates at the landscape scale on multiple-use lands. The approach is based on the hypothesis that animal community response to landscape change is a function of species life histories and local patterns of landscape change. Key steps are: (1) set clear objectives; (2) associate target species with specific habitat configurations; (3) assess the potential sensitivity of species by mapping habitat suitability and examining species life histories; (4) evaluate alternative management prescriptions using simulation models; and ( 5) implement preferred or experimental strategies and monitor the responses of habitats and species. The approach was demonstrated for a watershed in western Oregon (USA). Management objectives were to maximize habitat diversity for early- and late-successional bird species and to produce saw timber at levels compatible with the habitat goals. Habitat associations of 51 bird species were described by four variables that encompass three spatial scales. An analysis of species sensitivity to landscape change revealed several species that may merit special attention. the landscape model LSPA and the gap model ZELIG.PNW were used to simulate four disturbance/management scenarios over a 140-yr period: natural fire, wood production, multiple use, and no action. The results indicated that 65% more saw timber would be produced under the wood production run than the multiple-use run, but the former would maintain habitats for many fewer bird species than the latter. The multiple-use scenario was selected as the preferred alternative. We suggest carrying out management experiments and rigorous monitoring during the implementation phase. While this approach has various limitations, it is an incremental step towards the effective management of species diversity on multiple-use land

Hess, G. R. and King, T. J. 2002. Planning open spaces for wildlife I. Selecting focal species using a Delphi survey approach. Landscape and Urban Planning 58(1): 25-40.
open space planning; green space planning; umbrella species;
focal species; keystone species; wildlife conservation;
wildlife habitat; suburban development; Delphi survey
preserving biodiversity; conservation biology; landscapes;
umbrella; inventories; keystones; forest
Cited Reference Count: 45
Cited References:
*FEMAT, 1993, FOR EC MAN EC EC SOC
*US GEOL SURV, 2000, N CAR BREED BIRD SUR
ADLER M, 1996, GAZING ORACLE DELPHI
CALLICOTT JB, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P22
CARROLL C, 2001, ECOL APPL, V11, P961
CONWAY W, 1989, CONSERVATION 21 CENT, P199
CRANCE JH, 1987, 82 US FISH WILDL SER
DAVIS WJ, 1996, SCIENCE, V271, P1362
DRAMSTAD WE, 1996, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY PR
FLEISHMAN E, 2000, ECOL APPL, V10, P569
FLEURY SA, 1998, W BIRDS, V29, P453
FORMAN RTT, 1995, LAND MOSAICS ECOLOGY
FORMAN RTT, 1986, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
FRANKLIN JF, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P202
HAMEL PB, 1992, LAND MANAGERS GUIDE
HESS GR, 2000, STATE OPEN SPACE 200
KERR JT, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P1094
LAMBECK RJ, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P849
LANDRES PB, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P316
LAUNER AE, 1994, BIOL CONSERV, V69, P145
LAWTON JH, 1998, NATURE, V391, P72
LINSTONE HA, 1975, DELPHI METHOD TECHNI
LUDINGTON L, 1997, LANDSCAPE WILDLIFE O
MARTIKAINEN P, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P293
MEFFE GK, 1994, PRINCIPLES CONSERVAT
MILLER B, 1998, WILD EARTH, P81
MILLS LS, 1993, BIOSCIENCE, V43, P219
NOSS RF, 1987, BIOL CONSERV, V41, P11
NOSS RF, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P949
NOSS RF, 1994, SAVING NATURES LEGAC
PAINE RT, 1969, AM NAT, V103, P91
POWER ME, 1996, BIOSCIENCE, V46, P609
PRENDERGAST JR, 1993, NATURE, V365, P335
RYTI RT, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P404
SANDERS IT, 1966, COMMUNITY INTRO SOCI
SIMBERLOFF D, 1998, BIOL CONSERV, V83, P247
SIMBERLOFF D, 1999, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V115, P101
SOULE ME, 1985, BIOSCIENCE, V35, P727
TERBORGH J, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P330
THOMAS JW, 1979, USDA FOREST SERVICE, V553
TRACY CR, 1994, ECOL APPL, V4, P205
TURNER BL, 1990, EARTH TRANSFORMED HU
WILCOVE D, 1994, ECOL APPL, V4, P207
WILCOX BA, 1984, NATL PARKS CONSERVAT, P639
WILSON LA, 1995, LAND MANAGERS GUIDE
526LB
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
In a world being transformed by human population growth, conservation biology has emerged as one discipline focused on preventing, mitigating, and reversing the loss of species, ecosystems, and landscapes. Because of the need to act quickly with incomplete information, conservation biologists have developed shortcuts that rely on identifying key species to be focused on during planning efforts. We describe a process that can be used to select those species, using a suburbanizing region in the United States as an example. The Triangle region of North Carolina, USA-Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill and surroundings is undergoing rapid suburbanization, resulting in land-use changes that will alter wildlife communities and might result in the loss of some species. We are developing a wildlife conservation plan for the region based on a combination of landscape and focal species approaches. The objective of the research described in this paper was to identify focal species to be used for conservation planning in the region; our effort focused on amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. In theory, habitat conserved by planning for a few carefully chosen focal species is expected to encompass habitat for many other species with similar requirements. To identify focal species, we used a three-part Delphi survey, administered to a panel of experts. The panel identified six landscape types and nine associated focal species: extensive undisturbed habitat (bobcat, eastern box turtle); riparian and bottomland forest (barred owl. beaver), upland forest (ovenbird, broad-winged hawk); mature forest (pileated woodpecker); pastures and grassy fields (loggerhead shrike); and open and early successional forest (northern bobwhite). The panelists generally agreed that a combined landscape-focal species approach was reasonable, but noted a number of problems to be expected during the planning phase. The most critical of these problems are that the approach has not been well tested, required data are often unavailable, and implementation will be difficult in the face of extreme economic pressures to develop land. Administering the Delphi survey was more labor-intensive, and took longer, than we anticipated; it might have been more effective had it been completed more quickly. Nevertheless, we believe this process can be applied to a broad range of conservation problems, which are often characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and the need to act quickly. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Hidding, M. C. and Teunissen, A. T. J. 2002. Beyond fragmentation: new concepts for urban-rural development. Landscape and Urban Planning 58(2-4): 297-308.
fragmentation; spatial planning; network concepts; town and
country
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HIDDING MC, 1998, CREATING SUSTAINABLE
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PROVINCIE ZH, 1998, GROENBLAUWE SLINGER
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ZONNEVELD W, 1996, BALKANISERING CONCEP, P25
530BU
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
Dutch spatial policy has typically been characterised by striving for developing town and country as separate spatial entities. Spatial fragmentation has always been an anathema for planners. Leading plan concepts like the compact city and the Green Heart reflect the idea of separate cities surrounded by green, open space. However, there is a widening gap between these spatial concepts and spatial reality. The current policy has not effectively addressed the dynamics of the network society and what occurs is different from the policy itself. Therefore, another type of process-oriented concept is needed. In this paper we discuss a set of process-oriented concepts, defined as network concepts. These concepts give rise to a much more complex spatial organisation. That does not imply that there is no longer any well-organised space. The network approach has well defined principles for spatial organisation. This paper thus makes the argument for the reconsideration of the idea of fragmentation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Hobbs-Richard-J. 1992. The role of corridors in conservation: Solution or bandwagon? Trends-in-Ecology-and-Evolution. 7(11): 389-392.


Hogwood, B. and Gunn, L. A. 1984. Policy analysis for the real world. London: Oxford University Press

This is a relatively rigorous policy analysis methods book. The intellectual framework for policy analysis is described by the authors as a mixed framework, which means that the authors have defined a model of policy analysis that is between the two extremes of the synoptic-rational comprehensive model and the incremental "muddling through" model. That is, this model of policy analysis can be used for both description of a policy and prescription for a policy. This is more of a contingent approach that recognizes both resource limitations which preclude in-depth analysis of all issues, and political factors which sometimes makes objectivity irrelevant. The stages of policy analysis include: issue search/agenda setting; deciding how to decide/issue filtration; issue definition; forecasting; setting objectives and priorities; options analysis; policy implementation/monitoring/control; evaluation and review; and policy maintenance/succession/termination. This book will be helpful to our group as we begin to grapple with the historical intentions of a policy and then as we attempt to evaluate outcomes of policies.

Hopkins, B. and Argue, J. R. 1994. Constructed Source Wetland Concepts Applied to Urban Landscapes. Water Science and Technology 29(4): 133-140.
stormwater; aquifers; urban catchment; urban runoff; urban
pollution; swales; gravel-filled trenches
Cited Reference Count: 10
Cited References:
1981, MAR I WS DOM RAINW T
1984, MAY CONV WETL INT IM
COOPER PF, 1990, CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
ELLIS JB, 1992, FEB P IE AUST INT S
HAMMER DA, 1991, CREATING FRESHWATER
MCCOMB AJ, 1990, AUSTR WETLANDS
SOMARATNE NM, 1989, NOV P INT HYDR WAT R
THAYER RL, 1991, OCT LANDSCAPE ARCHIT
TORNO JC, 1989, AM SOC CIVIL ENG
URBONAS B, 1986, URBAN RUNOFF QUALITY
NV300
WATER SCI TECHNOL
A class of wetland is introduced which employs engineering practices and installations to collect, store, dispose of, retrieve and use stormwater, at source, in the urban landscape. Two Adelaide (South Australia) examples of ''source wetlands'' are described. At New Brompton Estate, roof runoff from (eventually) a cluster of 15 residences is diverted to a 106 m gravel-filled trench in a central reserve. The collected water sustains a row of deciduous trees bordering the reserve and provides frequent (winter) charges, via a bore, to a Quaternary aquifer at depth 30 m. At Northfield a swale/trench system which handles all storm runoff from a residential street (including domestic contribution) will be trialled. Runoff seeping to the trench from the swale will be of high quality and will provide charges of water to a 5 m Quaternary aquifer. Some runoff of good quality will pass from the catchment in large storm events. In both cases, New Brompton and Northfield, water retrieved from the Quaternary aquifers in summer will be used for open space irrigation. Constructed source wetlands offer a valuable new option in urban stormwater quantity/quality management.

Ilkka Hanski, M. E. G. 1997. Metapopulation biology : ecology, genetics, and evolution.

Irwin, E. G. and Bockstael, N. E. 2001. The problem of identifying land use spillovers: Measuring the effects of open space on residential property values. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83(3): 698-704.
amenities; prices
Cited Reference Count: 9
Cited References:
BEASLEY SD, 1986, GROWTH CHANGE, V17, P70
BROCK W, HDB ECONOMETRICS, V5
CHESHIRE P, 1995, ECONOMICA, V62, P247
GEOGHEGAN J, 1997, ECOL ECON, V23, P251
HALSTEAD J, 1984, J NE AGR EC COUNCIL, V13, P226
IRWIN E, AEDEWP001001 OH STAT
LI MM, 1980, LAND ECON, V56, P125
MANSKI CF, 1993, REV ECON STUD, V60, P531
TYRVAINEN L, 2000, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V39, P205
467FL
AMER J AGR ECON

John, P. 1998. Analyzing public policy. London: Pinter

The author of this book suggests that there are two main sets of phenomena that analysts seek to explain: policy variation and policy change, each with two aspects. Regarding policy variation, the author explores how and why policy making differs between sectors; and further, how and why do countries differ in policy formation and implementation. Regarding policy change, the author explores why policies are stable and, in contrast, what allows for times of flux and unpredictable outcomes? To explain such variation and change, John links together the influence and interaction of social, economic, and political processes and explores the confluence of factors that shape public decision making. Five chapters are devoted to a single theory or approach of policy analysis. They include: institutional approaches; group and network approaches; socio-economic approaches; rational choice theory; and ideas-based approaches. The concluding chapter reviews the extent to which approaches to and theories of public policy can explain policy variation and change.

This book is more theoretical than Haas and Springer (1998) and more informative regarding a variety of methodologies and their theoretical associations. However, there is no in-depth description of conducting a historical analysis using secondary data.

Johnson, J. and Maxwell, B. 2001. The role of the Conservation Reserve Program in controlling rural residential development. Journal of Rural Studies 17(3): 323-332.
development rights; land-use; benefits
Cited Reference Count: 34
Cited References:
*AM FARML TRUST, 1998, AM FARML TRUST LIV
*US BUR CENS, 1995, COUNT BUS PATT GENER
*US BUR CENS, 1999, MOUNT STT SHOW BIGG
BECK RJ, 1999, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V54, P394
BERRY MW, 1996, IEEE COMPUT SCI ENG, V3, P24
BEYERS WB, 1995, LONE EAGLES OTHER HI
DANIELS TL, 1988, J RURAL STUD, V4, P405
DECKER JM, 1993, J PROFESSIONAL SERVI, V9, P69
DIAMOND JM, 1976, SCIENCE, V193, P1027
DORAN JW, 1996, ADV AGRON, P1
DORAN JW, 1994, DEFINING SOIL QUALIT, P3
GERSH J, 1996, AMICUS J, V18, P14
GERSH J, 1995, URBAN LAND, V54, P32
HAGGERTY M, 1996, MONTANA POLICY REV, V6, P13
HECK WW, 1991, EPA600491013
HENDERSON D, 1992, J COMMUNITY DEV SOC, V23, P88
HENRY AC, 1999, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V4, P645
JOHNSON JD, 1995, J RURAL STUD, V11, P405
LASSILA KD, 1999, AMICUS J, V21, P16
MAXWELL B, 2000, SPATIAL INFORMATION, PCH13
MCOMBER JM, 1999, SEATTLE TIMES 0301
MEYER J, 1992, ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR, V1, P629
PARKS PJ, 1997, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V32, P85
PFEFFER MJ, 1994, J RURAL STUD, V10, P233
REGIER HA, 1993, ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, P3
RIBAUDO MO, 1989, LAND ECON, V65, P320
RIEBSAME WE, 1996, MT RES DEV, V16, P395
SALTIEL J, 1984, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V49, P284
SHEPARD JC, 1993, ECON DEV Q, V7, P403
STAUBER KN, 1995, PLANTING FUTURE DEV
STEVENS WK, 1999, NY TIMES 1207
THEOBALD DM, 1998, FOREST FRAGMENTATION
WHITELEY PF, 1998, BRIT J POLIT SCI 1, V28, P113
WRIGHT JB, 1993, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V59, P487
467CV
J RURAL STUD
Rural population growth in the form of residential development frequently results in the loss of agricultural productive land as well as loss of adjacent open space that often characterizes rural communities. A land-use prediction model was used to determine what influence the USDA Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) may have on urban sprawl and rural community sustainability. The model demonstrated that the projected mean rural residential growth rate was almost half the growth rate with CRP as compared to without CRP in the local land management mix. In addition, ecosystem integrity on the land surrounding a rural community was sharply increased with the introduction of CRP. However, community economics and subsequent social character of the community may have been significantly impacted by CRP. In order to partially mitigate CRP-induced community impacts we propose future CRP guidelines support the establishment of within-production field scale ecological refuges. These refuges would satisfy the conservation requirements of the program, return a level of traditional agricultural production to the land management mix, and provide the adjacent community with aesthetic and recreational amenities that are frequently associated with modern rural economies. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Jones, Z. F. and Bock, C. E. 2002. Conservation of grassland birds in an urbanizing landscape: A historical perspective. Condor 104(3): 643-651.
birds; Colorado; grassland; Great Plains; open space;
urbanization
open space; abundance
Cited Reference Count: 61
Cited References:
*CIT BOULD OP SPAC, 2001, NATURAL WIN, P1
*SAS I INC, 1999, STATV 5 0 1
ALEXANDER G, 1937, U COLORADO STUDIES, V24, P79
ANDREWS R, 1992, COLORADO BIRDS
BAKER BK, 1998, COLORADO BREEDING BI, P504
BENNETT BC, 1997, THESIS U COLORADO BO
BERRY ME, 1998, CONDOR, V100, P601
BETTS ND, 1913, U COLORADO STUDIES, V10, P177
BOCK CE, 1995, PRAIRIE NAT, V27, P147
BOCK CE, 1999, STUDIES AVIAN BIOL, V19, P131
BOCK JH, 1998, GREAT PLAINS RES, V8, P213
CARTER MF, 1998, COLORADO BREEDING BI, P300
DECHANT JA, 2000, EFFECTS MANAGEMENT P
DECHANT JA, 1999, EFFECTS MANAGMEMENT
ENGLAND AS, 1997, BIRDS N AM, V265
ENGLE DM, 1999, GREAT PLAINS RES, V9, P55
FAHRIG L, 1997, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V61, P603
HAIRE SL, 2000, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V48, P65
HALLOCK D, 1999, BOULDER COUNTRY AVIA
HENDERSON J, 1909, U COLORADO STUD, V6, P219
JOHNSON DH, 2001, AUK, V118, P24
JOHNSON DH, 1998, EFFECTS MANAGEMENT P
JONES RL, 1989, INT J FATIGUE, V11, P255
JONES SR, 1998, COLORADO BREEDING BI, P130
JONES SR, 1998, COLORADO BREEDING BI, P286
KINGERY HE, 1998, COLORADO BREEDING BI
KINGERY HE, 1998, COLORADO BREEDING BI, P468
KNIGHT RL, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P459
KNOPF FL, 1996, BIRDS N AM, V211
KNOPF FL, 1996, PRAIRIE CONSERVATION, P135
KNOPF FL, 1994, STUDIES AVIAN BIOL, V15, P247
LAMBETH R, 1998, COLORADO BREEDING BI, P460
LANYON WE, 1994, BIRDS N AM, V104
LONG ME, 1999, NATL GEOGR, V190, P80
MACWHIRTER RB, 1996, BIRDS N AM, V210
MARTIN JW, 2000, BIRDS N AM, V488
MARTIN SG, 1995, BIRDS N AM, V176
MARZLUFF JM, 2001, AVIAN ECOLOGY CONSER
MCDONNELL MJ, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1232
MILCHUNAS DG, 1998, OIKOS, V83, P65
MILLER B, 1994, CONSERV BIOL, V8, P677
MOIR WH, 1969, AM MIDL NAT, V81, P331
MUTEL CF, 1992, GRASSLAND GLACIER NA
NELSON DL, 1998, COLORADO BREEDING BI, P182
PETERJOHN BG, 1999, STUDIES AVIAN BIOL, V19, P27
PRESTON CR, 1996, RAPTORS HUMAN LANDSC, P365
ROSALIN T, 2002, TRENDS EVOLOGY EVOLU, V17, P10
SAAB VA, 1995, ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT N, P311
SAMSON FB, 1996, PRAIRIE CONSERVATION
SCHUKMAN JM, 1998, BIRDS N AM, V374
SHANE TG, 2000, BIRDS N AM, V541
THOMPSON RW, 1987, HABITAT USE BREEDING
TOOLEN JF, 1998, COLORADO BREEDING BI, P470
VERSAW AE, 1998, COLORADO BREEDING BI, P232
VESTAL AG, 1914, BOT GAZ, V58, P377
VICKERY PD, 2001, AUK, V118, P11
VICKERY PD, 1996, BIRDS N AM, V239
VICKERY PD, 1999, STUDIES AVIAN BIOL, V19
WHITE CM, 1994, STUDIES AVIAN BIOL, V15, P161
WINTER M, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P1424
ZASLOWSKY D, 1995, WILDERNESS, V58, P25
578XE
CONDOR
Landscape alterations resulting from urban expansion are among those factors negatively impacting Great Plains grassland birds. The City and County of Boulder, Colorado, manage one of the largest grassland open-space systems in North America, but it is embedded in an area of rapid urban growth. We compared bird count data from the 1980s and 1990s with checklist information about the Boulder grassland avifauna between 1900 and 1937, with the goal of determining what proportion and which species of the historical grassland avifauna are being sustained on Boulder open space. Of 29 native species present in 1900, 22 (76%) appeared on our counts in the 1990s. Formerly common species that disappeared or declined mostly were birds associated with shortgrass prairie, including Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia), Common Nighthawk, (Chordeiles minor), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), and Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). By contrast, species associated with mixed and tallgrass habitats increased or held steady, including Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), and Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). We conclude that municipal open spaces can support populations of many Great Plains grassland birds, but that sustaining species associated with the shortgrass prairie may prove especially challenging.

Kahn, M. E. 2001. Does sprawl reduce the black/white housing consumption gap? Housing Policy Debate 12(1): 77-86.
growth management; housing; minorities
portland region; suburbs talk; agree; city
Cited Reference Count: 19
Cited References:
*US BUR CENS, 1993, 1982 EC CENS GEOGR R
*US DEP HOUS URB D, 2000, AM HOUS SURV
ABBOTT C, 1997, HOUS POLICY DEBATE, V8, P11
CHU CH, 2000, EMPLOYMENT DECENTRAL
COLLINS W, 2001, IN PRESS EXPLORATION
DUCA JV, 1994, REG SCI URBAN ECON, V24, P301
FISCHEL W, 1990, DO GROWTH CONTROLS M
FISCHEL WA, 1997, HOUS POLICY DEBATE, V8, P65
GALSTER G, 2000, F MAE FDN FAIR GROWT
GLAESER E, 2001, BROOKINGS WHARTON PA, V2
GYOURKO J, 1999, J HOUS ECON, V8, P63
GYOURKO J, 1997, J HOUSING RES, V8, P1
GYOURKO J, 1993, J HOUSING RES, V4, P39
KAIN JF, 1992, HOUSING POLICY DEBAT, V3, P371
KATZ L, 1987, J LAW ECON, V30, P149
MUNNELL AH, 1996, AM ECON REV, V86, P25
TURNER MA, 1992, HOUSING POLICY DEBAT, V3, P185
WACHTER SM, 1992, HOUSING POLY DEBATE, V3, P333
YINGER J, 1995, CLOSED DOORS OPPORTU
445CU
HOUS POLICY DEBATE
Because unplanned suburban growth imposes social costs such as congestion, pollution, and reduction of open space, antisprawl policies are being adopted in fast-growing metropolitan areas. This article explores one potential benefit of sprawl: It increases housing affordability, which may contribute to reducing the black/white housing consumption gap. The article uses 1997 American Housing Survey data to measure housing consumption for blacks and whites in metropolitan areas characterized by more and less sprawl. In sprawled areas, black households consume larger units and are more likely to own their homes than black households living in less sprawled areas.

Kahn, M. E. 2001. City quality-of-life dynamics: Measuring the costs of growth. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 22(2-3): 339-352.
quality of life; externalities; local growth
cities; ozone
Cited Reference Count: 18
Cited References:
BLOMQUIST GC, 1988, AM ECON REV, V78, P89
BRUECKNER JK, 1983, REV ECON STAT, V65, P479
DICKIE M, 1991, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V21, P1
DIPASQUALE D, 1999, REAL ESTATE ECON, V27, P369
DUANE T, 1999, SHAPING SIERRA NATUR
FISCHEL W, 1990, DO GROWTH CONTROLS M
GABRIEL S, 1999, FEDERAL RESERVE BANK, V1, P3
GABRIEL S, 1995, FEDERAL RESERVE BANK, V2, P30
GRAVES P, 1983, J URBAN ECON, V14, P263
GRAVES PE, 1980, J REGIONAL SCI, V20, P227
GYOURKO J, 1991, J POLIT ECON, V99, P774
HALL JV, 1992, SCIENCE 0214, P812
KAHN M, 2000, J REGIONAL SCI AUG, P565
KAHN M, 1996, RAND J EC SPR, P183
KRUPNICK AJ, 1990, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V18, P1
MOULTON BR, 1986, J ECONOMETRICS, V32, P385
RAUCH JE, 1993, J URBAN ECON, V34, P380
ROSEN KT, 1981, J AM REAL ESTATE URB, V9, P321
417XB
J REAL ESTATE FINANC ECON
Two continuing California trends are population growth and improving air quality. Sprawl at the fringe of metropolitan areas may lower quality of life by contributing to congestion, reducing open space and raising pollution levels. This article studies this claim by estimating hedonic wage and rental regressions using California 1980 and 1990 micro census data. Real rents have fallen in faster-growing areas, suggesting that the "growth causes degradation" hypothesis has some merit. Sprawl's damage to local quality of life would be higher if fringe growth degrades air quality and households greatly value avoiding polluted areas. The relative importance of air quality as an urban amenity is tested using data from Los Angeles county, an area where dramatic improvements in smog have taken place. While high-ozone areas feature lower rents, the ozone's capitalization suggests that it is not a key urban disamenity.

Kay, J. H. 2001. Closing down "Open Space" - Framing a multifaceted future on an asphalt wasteland (Boston's "Big Dig" highway tunnel replacement). Landscape Architecture 91(1): 119-120.
Cited Reference Count: 0
390HC
LANDSCAPE ARCHIT

Kline, J. and Wichelns, D. 1998. Measuring heterogeneous preferences for preserving farmland and open space. Ecological Economics 26(2): 211-224.
farmland and open space preservation; public preferences;
environmental amenities; land use
contingent valuation surveys; referendum data; urban fringe;
land; impacts; values; prices; models; goods
Cited Reference Count: 44
Cited References:
1993, GEN LAWS RHODE ISLAN
*NAT RES DEF COUNC, 1986, FARM PRES DIR
ADDELMAN S, 1961, 79 ARL US AIR FORC O
AIKEN D, 1989, RES B U NEBRASKA, V310
BEASLEY SD, 1986, GROWTH CHANGE, V17, P70
BENAIKIVA M, 1991, DISCRETE CHOICE ANAL
BERGSTROM JC, 1985, SO J AGR EC, V17, P139
BERRY D, 1976, AM J ECON SOCIOL, V35, P113
BLAMEY R, 1995, AUST J AGR ECON, V39, P263
BOYLE KJ, 1990, NE J AGR RESOURCE EC, V19, P125
BUIST H, 1995, AER718 USDA EC RES S
CAMERON TA, 1988, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V15, P355
CHICOINE DL, 1981, LAND ECON, V57, P353
DEHAVENSMITH L, 1988, ENVIRON BEHAV, V20, P276
DRAKE L, 1992, EUROPEAN REV AGR EC, V19, P351
DUBGAARD A, 1994, EC VALUATION BENEFIT, P145
EDWARDS SF, 1987, LAND ECON, V63, P168
HALSTEAD JM, 1984, J NE AGR EC COUNCIL, V13, P12
HANEMANN WM, 1984, AM J AGR ECON, V66, P332
HARMAN H, 1976, MODERN FACTOR ANAL
HOEHN JP, 1991, AM J AGR ECON, V73, P289
KAISER HF, 1960, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLO, V20, P141
KAISER HF, 1958, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V23, P187
KLINE J, 1994, LAND ECON, V70, P223
LOOMIS JB, 1987, LAND ECON, V63, P396
LOPEZ RA, 1994, LAND ECON, V70, P53
MCCONNELL K, 1990, NE J AG RESOUR EC, V13, P181
MCCONNELL KE, 1990, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V18, P19
MCFADDEN D, 1973, FRONTIERS ECONOMETRI
MERLO M, 1994, EC VALUATION BENEFIT, P117
MULAIK S, 1972, FDN FACTOR ANAL
OPALUCH JJ, 1993, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V24, P41
PRUCKNER GJ, 1995, EUR REV AGRIC ECON, V22, P173
REYMENT R, 1993, APPL FACTOR ANAL NAT
RIERA P, 1994, EC VALUATION BENEFIT, P133
SAGOFF M, 1988, EC EARTH
SCHNIDMAN F, 1990, RETENTION LAND AGR P
SELLAR C, 1986, J ENVIRON ECON MANAG, V13, P382
SHONKWILER JS, 1986, LAND ECON, V62, P58
SPASH CL, 1995, ECOL ECON, V12, P191
SWALLOW S, 1994, AM J AGR ECON, V76, P432
WALSH RG, 1989, W J AGR EC, V14, P178
ZUBE EH, 1986, J PLANNING LIT, V1, P162
ZUBE EH, 1987, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, V1, P37
121AT
ECOL ECON
Public preferences for environmental policies often vary among individual citizens according to their socio-economic characteristics and attitudes toward environmental programs. Most researchers account for socio-economic characteristics when conducting public preference surveys, but do not account for differences in preferences that transcend socio-economic categories. Identifying the public's attitudes regarding environmental programs and the role they play in shaping individuals' preferences for policy alternatives can assist policy makers in developing programs that are consistent with public expectations. This paper uses factor analysis and a discrete choice model to describe differences in public preferences that result from different attitudes regarding the goals of programs designed to preserve farmland and open space. Results describe policy implications that are not apparent when using models that address socio-economic characteristics alone. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Kondo, A., Ueno, M., Kaga, A. and Yamaguchi, K. 2001. The influence of urban canopy configuration on urban albedo. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 100(2): 225-242.
albedo; longwave radiation; Monte Carlo method; shortwave
radiation; sky view factor; urban canopy
heat-island; model; temperature; flow
Cited Reference Count: 17
Cited References:
AIDA M, 1982, BOUND-LAY METEOROL, V23, P405
AIDA M, 1982, BOUND-LAY METEOROL, V23, P416
ARNFIELD AJ, 1988, PHYSICAL GEOGR, V9, P361
ARNFIELD AJ, 1982, PHYSICAL GEOGR, V3, P97
KIMURA F, 1991, ATMOS ENVIRON B-URB, V25, P155
KOBAYASHI T, 1994, BOUND-LAY METEOROL, V69, P201
KONDO A, 1998, J JPN SOC ATMOS ENV, V33, P306
NAKAMURA Y, 1988, ATMOS ENVIRON, V22, P2691
OKE TR, 1982, Q J ROY METEOR SOC, V108, P1
SAITOH TS, 1996, ATMOS ENVIRON, V30, P3431
SWAID H, 1993, BOUND-LAY METEOROL, V64, P231
SWAID H, 1993, INT J CLIMATOL, V13, P797
UNO I, 1989, BOUND-LAY METEOROL, V49, P77
UTAGAWA M, 1984, CALCULATION METHOD H
VOOGT JA, 1997, J APPL METEOROL, V36, P1117
WILSON NR, 1977, J APPL METEOROL, V16, P1197
YAMADA T, 1982, J METEOR SOC JAPAN, V60, P439
443EE
BOUND-LAY METEOROL
We propose a calculation method for shortwave radiation flux and longwave radiation flux within the urban canopy and investigate the influence of urban canopy configuration on net radiation flux. In the assumed urban configuration, buildings of equal size are arranged in a regular lattice within the urban canopy. The net shortwave radiation flux and longwave radiation flux within the urban canopy were calculated by the photon tracking method based on the Monte Carlo method. The albedo value obtained by this method shows close agreement with experimental data, and the average sky view factor shows almost perfect agreement with the theoretical value. Moreover, we calculated the urban albedo for the urban canopy configuration including roads and building height distribution. We found that the sky view factor of the ground surface is high when building coverage is low, building height is low, open space by roads exists, and building height is non-uniform. Moreover, we found that the albedo value is high when building height is small, open space by roads is wide, and building height is uniform. The albedo value was found to vary in a complicated manner with change in building coverage.

KOTLIAR-N-B , W.-J.-A. 1990. MULTIPLE SCALES OF PATCHINESS AND PATCH STRUCTURE A HIERARCHICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF HETEROGENEITY. Oikos-. 59(2): 253-260.

We develop a hierarchical model of heterogeneity that provides a framework for classifying patch structure across a range of scales. Patches at lower levels in the hierarchy are more simplistic and correspond to the traditional view of patches. At levels approaching the upper bounds of the hierarchy the internal structure becomes more heterogeneous and boundaries more ambiguous. At each level in the hierarchy, patch structure will be influenced by both contrast among patches as well as the degree of aggregation of patches at lower levels in the hierarchy. We apply this model to foraging theory, but it has wider applications as in the study of habitat selection, population dynamics, and habitat fragmentation. It may also be useful in expanding the realm of landscape ecology beyond the current focus on anthropocentric scales

Kuo, F. E. 2001. Coping with poverty - Impacts of environment and attention in the inner city. Environment and Behavior 33(1): 5-34.
stress; restoration; strategies; community; framework; spaces
Cited Reference Count: 57
Cited References:
*CHIC HOUS AUTH, 1995, 1995 STAT PROF
BARON RM, 1986, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V51, P1173
CANIN LH, 1991, THESIS U MICHIGAN
CARVER CS, 1989, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V56, P267
CIMPRICH B, 1993, CANCER NURS, V16, P83
CIMPRICH BE, 1990, THESIS U MICHIGAN
CISNEROS HG, 1995, 2 US DEP HOUS URB DE
COHEN RA, 1993, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY ATTE
COHEN S, 1978, ENVIRON PSYCH NONVER, V3, P43
EVANS GW, 1997, ADV ENV BEH, V4, P255
FOLKMAN S, 1980, J HEALTH SOC BEHAV, V21, P219
FOSTER JK, 1994, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH, V11, P133
GILKER CM, 1992, VIEWS NATURE EFFECTS
HARRIOTT JS, 1996, J SOC BEHAV PERS, V11, P337
HARTIG T, 1991, ENVIRON BEHAV, V23, P3
HARTIG T, 1996, SCAND J PSYCHOL, V37, P378
HARTIG T, 1990, TESTING RESTORATIVE
HEILMAN KM, 1991, J CHILD NEUROL S, V6, P76
HOWELL DC, 1982, STAT METHODS PSYCHOL
HULL RB, 1995, LEISURE SCI, V17, P1
KAPLAN R, 1989, EXPERIENCE NATURE PS
KAPLAN R, 1993, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V26, P193
KAPLAN R, 1984, LEISURE SCI, V6, P271
KAPLAN S, 1995, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V15, P169
KAPLAN S, 1987, PUBLIC ENV, P55
KUO FE, 1997, 28 INT C ENV DES RES
KUO FE, 1995, 7 NAT URB FOR C NEW
KUO FE, 1998, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V26, P823
KUO FE, 1992, ENV DES RES ASS C DE
LARSEN J, 1998, B CONCERN ASIA SCHOL, V30, P3
LATACK JC, 1992, J ORGAN BEHAV, V13, P479
LEOPOLD A, 1949, SAND COUNTRY ALMANAC
LEZAK MD, 1983, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL A
LITTLE BR, 1983, ENVIRON BEHAV, V15, P273
LOHR VI, 1996, J ENV HORTICULTURE, V14, P97
MACDONALD JE, 1994, THESIS U VICTORIA BR
MANG M, 1984, THESIS U CALIFORNIA
MCNAIR DM, 1981, EITS MANUAL PROFILE
MESULAM M, 1985, PRINCIPLES BEHAV NEU
MILES I, 1998, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P27
MOLLE M, 1995, J PSYCHOPHYSIOL, V9, P45
MOONEY P, 1992, HEALTHCARE MANAGEMEN, V5, P23
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ORIANS GH, 1986, LANDSCAPE MEANINGS V, P3
OVITT MA, 1996, THESIS U ILLINOIS
PARKER JD, 1996, HDB COPING THEORY RE, P3
PARKER JDA, 1992, EUR J PERSONALITY, V6, P321
SCHWARTZ D, 1994, THESIS U MICHIGAN
SULS J, 1985, HEALTH PSYCHOL, V4, P249
TAYLOR AF, 2001, ENVIRON BEHAV, V33, P54
TAYLOR AF, 1998, ENVIRON BEHAV, V30, P3
TENNESSEN CM, 1995, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V15, P77
THOREAU HD, 1892, WALDEN ANNOTATED EDI
ULRICH RS, 1981, ENVIRON BEHAV, V13, P523
ULRICH RS, 1991, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V11, P201
WILSON EO, 1971, MAN BEAST COMP SOCIA, P200
378ZM
ENVIRON BEHAV
Considerable evidence suggests that exposure to "green" environments can enhance human effectiveness and make life's demands seem manageable. Does this phenomenon extend to poor inner cities, where green space is minimal and life's demands may be overwhelming? In 145 urban public housing residents randomly assigned to buildings with and without nearby nature, attentional functioning and effectiveness in managing major life issues were compared. Residents living in buildings without nearby trees and grass reported more procrastination in facing their major issues and assessed their issues as more severe, less soluble, and more long-standing than did their counterparts living in greener surroundings. Mediation tests and extensive tests for possible confounds supported the attention restoration hypothesis-that green space enhances residents' effectiveness by reducing mental fatigue. These findings suggest that urban public housing environments could be configured to enhance residents' psychological resources for coping with poverty.

Lathrop, R. G. and Bognar, J. A. 1998. Applying GIS and landscape ecological principles to evaluate land conservation alternatives. Landscape and Urban Planning 41(1): 27-41.
land suitability assessment; forest fragmentation; open space;
Sterling Forest NY
forest; songbirds; patterns; decline
Cited Reference Count: 31
Cited References:
*LMS ENG, 1995, DRAFT GEN ENV IMP ST
*SOIL CONS SERV, 1981, SOIL SURV OR COUNT
BRIDGEWATER PB, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY GE, P23
BRITTINGHAM MC, 1983, BIOSCIENCE, V33, P31
BROWN WS, 1993, HERPETOLOGICAL CIRCU, V22, P1
BURROUGH PA, 1984, LANDSCAPE PLANNING, V11, P205
CALKINS HW, 1991, GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMA, V2, P233
FELS JE, 1992, P URBAN REGIONAL INF, V1, P264
FISHER I, 1996, NY TIMES, P16
FRANKLIN JF, 1993, ECOL APPL, V3, P202
GALLI AE, 1976, AUK, V93, P356
HOPKINS LD, 1977, AIP J OCT, P386
KEATINGE S, 1967, SARRACENIA, V11, P51
KUPFER JA, 1995, PROG PHYS GEOG, V19, P18
LATHROP RG, 1994, 17941 CRSSA RUTG U
LATHROP RG, 1996, P ECOINFORMA 96, P319
LYNN LM, 1984, B TORREY BOT CLUB, V111, P90
MICHAELS JA, 1992, NEW YORK NEW JERSEY
MITCHELL A, 1992, NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS
MUSCUTT AD, 1993, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V45, P59
NOSS RF, 1983, BIOSCIENCE, V33, P700
NOVOTNY V, 1981, HDB NONPOINT POLLUTI
PICKLES J, 1995, GROUND TRUTH SOCIAL
ROBBINS CS, 1989, WILDLIFE MONOGR, V103, P1
ROBINSON SK, 1995, SCIENCE, V267, P1987
TOMLIN CD, 1990, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATI
TOMLINSON RF, 1991, INTRO READINGS GEOGR, P18
WHITCOMB RF, 1977, AM BIRDS, V31, P3
WILCOVE DS, 1985, ECOLOGY, V66, P1211
ZAMPELLA RA, 1994, WATERSHED BASED WETL
ZIPPERER WC, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V8, P177
109PY
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
Nowhere in the eastern United States is the conflict between the conservation of the rich biological diversity of existing forested landscapes vs, a continued expansion of suburban/exurban development more evident than in the case of Sterling Forest, a 7245 ha tract of land on the New York-New Jersey border. This paper reports on our application of geographic information systems (GIS)-based assessment and landscape ecological principles to assess the environmental sensitivity of Sterling Forest lands and to prioritize lands for conservation protection. This GIS assessment served as the basis of subsequent negotiations of a compromise conservation- development plan by a coalition of land conservation trusts and the land owner/developer. Sterling Forest represents a useful case study of the application of GIS technology by the non- profit environmental groups in successfully undertaking an independent analysis of a regionally important land use issue. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Leggett, C. 1999. A hedonic approach to valuing characteristics of open space. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81(5): 1307-1307.
Cited Reference Count: 0
285VM
AMER J AGR ECON

Levia, D. F. and Page, D. R. 2000. The use of cluster analysis in distinguishing farmland prone to residential development: A case study of Sterling, Massachusetts. Environmental Management 25(5): 541-548.
farmland conversion; residential development; cluster analysis;
land degradation
land values; conversion; growth; prices
Cited Reference Count: 23
Cited References:
*GEOL INC, 1996, US CENS CD 1 1 STERL
BARROW CJ, 1991, LAND DEGRADATION
BERRY D, 1978, POLICY SCI, V9, P153
BRADSHAW TK, 1998, RURAL SOCIOL, V63, P1
CHICOINE DL, 1981, LAND ECON, V57, P353
CLONTS HA, 1970, LAND ECON, V46, P489
CONACHER A, 1995, RURAL LAND DEGRADATI
GARREAU J, 1991, EDGE CITY LIFE NEW F
GERSH J, 1995, URBAN LAND, V54, P32
GREENE RP, 1997, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V36, P291
HAIR JF, 1995, MULTIVARIATE DATA AN
HENNEBERRY DM, 1990, LAND ECON, V66, P249
JOHNSON DL, 1995, LAND DEGRADATION CRE
KING L, 1989, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V55, P181
KLINE J, 1994, LAND ECON, V70, P223
LEVIA DF, 1998, LAND DEGRAD DEV, V9, P123
LOCKERETZ W, 1989, LAND ECON, V65, P205
MAITLAND D, 1990, TIJDSCHRIFT EC SOC G, V81, P381
MCDONNELL MJ, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P21
PLAUT TR, 1980, AM J AGR ECON, V62, P537
SHI YJ, 1997, LAND ECON, V73, P90
SOKOLOW AD, 1998, CALIF AGR, V52, P17
ZAIMECHE SE, 1990, LAND DEGRAD REHABIL, V2, P317
298AW
ENVIRON MANAGE
Residential development of farmland is one of the primary driving forces of land degradation in both rural and urban fringe areas throughout the world. The loss of prime agricultural land is of great concern to planning offices and organizations seeking to preserve open space. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of cluster analysis as a possible tool for the identification of farms prone to residential development. Eighty-four farms in Sterling, Massachusetts, were separated into two groups by k-means nonhierarchical cluster analysis using farm size, slope, and distance to the nearest city center and highway as surrogates of farmland conversion. Discriminant analysis showed that the two groups derived from the cluster analysis were 98.8% accurate (P < 0.0000). Results from the statistical analysis may serve as a starting point for the identification of individual farms prone to residential development. To explain the driving forces of farmland conversion to residential uses, interviews should be conducted with farmers, landowners, and land buyers. The use of multivariate statistical techniques to identify farms in jeopardy of residential development, in conjunction with qualitative assessments that explain the probability of development of individual farms, may prove a useful strategy to understand and predict farmland conversion.

Liffmann, R. H., Huntsinger, L. and Forero, L. C. 2000. To ranch or not to ranch: Home on the urban range? Journal of Range Management 53(4): 362-370.
land use change; land trusts; rangeland conversion; ranch
values
conservation easements; development rights; open space;
management; land; preservation; california; viewpoint; growth
Cited Reference Count: 53
Cited References:
*ACPD, 1994, E COUNT AR PLAN PORT
*CA DEP FIN, 1996, CAL STAT ABSTR
*CCCCDD, 1991, COST COUNT GEN PLAN
*COST COUNT DEP AG, 1993, COUNT AGR COMM REP
*FMMP, 1996, FARML CONV REP 1992
*TEH COUNT DEP AGR, 1993, COUNT AGR COMM REP
*TEH COUNT DEP AGR, 1990, TEH COUNT GEN PLAN
*US BUR CENS, 1992, CAL CENS AGR
*US BUR CENS, 1994, COUNT CIT DAT BOOK
ALTERMAN R, 1997, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V63, P220
BARTLETT ET, 1989, J RANGE MANAGE, V42, P454
BERRY D, 1978, GROWTH CHANGE, V9, P2
BOLSINGER CL, 1988, USDA FOREST SERV RES, V148
CONKLIN HE, 1977, AM J AGR ECON, V59, P755
DANIELS TL, 1991, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V57, P421
DILLMAN DA, 1978, MAIL TELEPHONE SURVE
ELLICKSON RC, 1991, ORDER LAW
EWING RA, 1988, CALIFORNIAS FORESTS
FORERO L, 1992, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V47, P475
FORTMANN L, 1989, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V2, P9
FURUSETH O, 1982, ASS AM GEOG MONOG
GALE DE, 1992, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V58, P425
GOBSTER PH, 1988, SOC NATUR RESOUR, V1, P351
GRIGSBY TL, 1980, RANGELANDS, V2, P93
GRIGSBY TL, 1976, THESIS U ORE EUGENE
HARGRAVE T, 1993, THESIS U CALIF BERKE
HART J, 1991, FARMING EDGE SAVING
HART JF, 1991, GEOGR REV, V81, P35
HART JF, 1976, GEOGR REV, V66, P1
HEIMLICH RE, 1987, SUSTAINING AGR NEAR, P135
HOLZMAN BA, 1993, THESIS U CALIF BERKE
HUNTSINGER L, 1997, J RANGE MANAGE, V50, P423
HUNTSINGER L, 1996, J RANGE MANAGE, V49, P167
JACOBS LR, 1991, WASTE W PUBLIC LANDS
JOHNSON SG, 1998, THESIS U CALIF BERKE
JOHNSTON T, 1987, SUSTAINING AGR NEAR, P9
KAISER EJ, 1970, J AM I PLANNERS, V36, P30
LANDIS JD, 1993, SHALL WE GROW ALTERN
LISANSKY J, 1987, SUSTAINING AGR NEAR, P219
MARTIN WE, 1966, J FARM ECON, V48, P233
MCCLARAN MP, 1985, J SOIL WATER CONSERV, V40, P252
PLATT RH, 1991, LAND USE CONTROL GEO
RAYMOND L, 1997, J RANGE MANAGE, V50, P431
ROE E, 1998, J ARID ENVIRON, V39, P39
SANDFORD S, 1983, MANAGEMENT PASTORAL
SMETHURST DP, 1997, THESIS U CALIF BERKE
SMITH AH, 1972, AM J AGR ECON, V54, P217
SPICER CC, 1972, APPL STATIST, V21, P226
STARRS PF, 1998, LET COWBOY RIDE CATT
WRIGHT JB, 1994, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V60, P380
WRIGHT JB, 1993, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V59, P487
WRIGHT JB, 1993, ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVID
WUERTHNER G, 1990, PRICE IS WRONG, V75, P38
337DB
J RANGE MANAGE
California ranchers in urban Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, and in rural Tehama County, were surveyed to examine effects of increasing development, land use change, and attrition of the ranching community on their commitment to ranching, and to assess land conservation program acceptability. Questions were about practices, reasons for ranching, and what influences ranching's future. Ranchers share much in common. Most enjoy ranching, "feeling close to the earth," living in a "good place for family life," and the camaraderie in the ranching community. They regularly carry out range improvements. Most believe that society is becoming "hostile to ranching." A dislike Tor outsider intervention and land use control prevails. Urban ranchers cared significantly less about the fate of their ranch if sold, and feared local land use planning much more. Rural ranchers overwhelmingly wanted their ranch to remain a productive ranch even if sold. No new ranchers appeared in the urban sample for the last 10 years. As urbanization proceeds, we suggest that a point is reached where ranchers recognize the social, ecological, and economic landscape as urban and see it as no longer suitable for ranching, Expecting to sell for development, and/or expecting zoning to change to allow it, becomes the rational view. Land conservation efforts, including relatively acceptable though as yet not widespread conservation easement programs, should begin before that happens.

Linehan, J., Gross, M. and Finn, J. 1995. Greenway Planning - Developing a Landscape Ecological Network Approach. Landscape and Urban Planning 33(1-3): 179-193.
greenways; networks; landscape ecology; wildlife corridors
fragmentation
Cited Reference Count: 51
Cited References:
*MA DEP FISH WILDL, 1990, ATL MASS RIV SYST EN
*WORLD RES I, 1992, GLOB BIOD STRAT
AHERN J, 1989, 1989 P LANDSC LAND U, P1
AHERN J, 1991, 1991 P LANDSC LAND U, P75
AHERN J, 1991, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V21, P131
ALLEN AW, 1983, FWSOBS821045 US DEP
ARTHUR SM, 1989, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V53, P674
BROWN L, 1991, WORLDWATCH READER GL, P299
BURGESS RL, 1981, FOREST ISLAND DYNAMI
BURLEY JB, 1989, LANDSCAPE RES, V14, P23
CARLILE DW, 1989, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, V2, P203
DALTON R, 1973, NETWORKS GEOGRAPHY
DEGRAAF R, 1983, USDA TRNE108 NAT FOR
DICASTRI F, 1988, GEO J, V17, P5
FABOS JG, 1991, 1991 P LANDSC LAND U, P1
FORMAN RTT, 1986, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
GILPIN ME, 1988, CONSERV BIOL, V2, P290
GRUMBINE RE, 1990, CONSERV BIOL, V4, P127
HAGGETT P, 1977, LOCATIONAL ANAL HUMA, P32
HAGGETT P, 1972, NETWORK ANAL GEOGRAP
HARRIS L, 1984, FRAGMENTED FOREST
HEINSELMAN ML, 1981, FOREST SUCCESSION CO, P374
HELLMUND P, 1989, QUABBIN WACHUSETT WI
HISS T, 1991, EXPERIENCE PLACE
HULL RB, 1988, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V15, P265
KELLY GM, 1977, THESIS U MASSACHUSET
LINEHAN JR, 1992, THESIS U MASSACHUSET
LITTLE C, 1990, GREENWAYS AM
LOWE JC, 1975, GEOGRAPHY MOVEMENT
MACARTHUR RH, 1967, THEORY ISLAND BIOGEO
MENDELSOHN R, 1987, WATER RESOUR RES, V23, P961
NOSS RF, 1987, CONSERV BIOL, V1, P159
NOSS RF, 1987, NAT AREA J, V7, P2
OPDAM P, 1991, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V5, P93
ORGAN JF, 1989, MERCURY PCB RESIDUES
POWELL RA, 1982, FISHER LIFE HIST ECO
QUINN JF, 1987, CONSERV BIOL, V1, P198
SCHWABE A, 1989, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, V2, P237
SCOTT JM, 1993, WILDL MONOGR, V123
SIMBERLOFF D, 1987, CONSERV BIOL, V1, P63
SKLAR FH, 1991, QUANTITATIVE METHODS, P239
SOULE ME, 1986, BIOL CONSERV, V35, P19
STARFIELD AM, 1986, BUILDING MODELS CONS
STOLENBURG W, 1991, NAT CONSERV MAG JUL, P19
STRUTIN M, 1991, LANDSCAPE ARCHIT, V81, P50
TURNER MG, 1991, QUANTITATIVE METHODS, P3
WALKER BH, 1992, CONSERV BIOL, V6, P18
WELLER MW, 1985, INFLUENCE HYDROLOGIC
WILCOVE DS, 1986, CONSERVATION BIOL SC, P237
WILCOX BA, 1985, AM NAT, V125, P879
YARO RD, 1989, DEALING CHANGE CONNE, P8
TE119
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
Greenway planning has steadily grown in popularity in the planning and design professions as an efficient and socially desirable approach to open space planning. The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical and methodological approach to greenway planning that accounts for regional biodiversity and systematizes the selection of greenway links. The approach used in this paper is based on the premise that a network of wildlife reserves and corridors should serve as the skeletal framework of a comprehensive greenway system. The paper draws from the knowledge bases of landscape ecology, conservation biology, network theory, and landscape planning. A case study is presented to demonstrate the approach using a forested region of Central New England.

Loomis, J., Rameker, V. and Seidl, A. 2001. Valuing open space attributes in Colorado: Evidence from a hedonic analysis of public purchases. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 26(2): 565-565.
Cited Reference Count: 0
518LB
J AGR RESOUR ECON

LORD-J-M, N.-D.-A. 1990. SCALE AND THE SPATIAL CONCEPT OF FRAGMENTATION. Conservation-Biology. 4(2): 197-202.


Margulis, H. L. 2002. Suburban housing resale prices and housing market restructuring. Journal of Urban Affairs 24(4): 461-477.
residential-mobility; model; schools; cities; stratification;
fragmentation; segmentation; satisfaction; sprawl; primer
Cited Reference Count: 64
Cited References:
*1 AM REAL EST SOL, 1995, REAL EST PAC
*OH DEP ED, 1996, ED MAN INF SYST EMIS
*US BUR CENS, 1991, 1990 CENS POP HOUS
ADAMS CF, 1996, URBAN AFF REV, V31, P529
ADAMS JS, 1976, SPATIAL PROCESSES FO, P159
ATKINSON SE, 1992, J KREGIONAL SCI, V32, P169
BAERWALD TJ, 1978, GEOGR REV, V68, P308
BOWEN WM, 2001, GROWTH CHANGE, V32, P466
BROWN LA, 1970, GOEGRAFSKA ANN B, V52, P1
BUTLER RV, 1982, LAND ECON, V58, P96
CERVERO R, 1989, AM SUBURBAN CTR LAND
CERVERO R, 1986, SUBURBAN GRIDLOCK
CLARK WAV, 1984, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V74, P29
CLARK WAV, 1983, URBAN STUD, V20, P47
DEAR MJ, 2000, POSTMODERN URBAN CON
DIAMOND DB, 1980, LAND ECON, V56, P21
DING CR, 2000, URBAN AFF REV, V35, P837
DUBIN RA, 1987, URBAN STUD, V24, P193
EDMONDS RG, 1984, AREUEA J, V12, P72
ELLIOTT JR, 1997, URBAN STUD, V34, P21
ERICKSON RA, 1985, GEOGR REV, V75, P19
ERICKSON RA, 1983, URBAN GEOGR, V4, P95
FEAGIN JR, 1982, INT J URBAN REGIONAL, V6, P35
FEITELSON E, 1993, ENVIRON PLANN A, V25, P553
FISHMAN R, 1987, BOURGEOIS UTOPIAS RI
GOODMAN AC, 1998, J HOUS ECON, V7, P121
GORDON P, 2000, PUBLIC INTEREST SPR, P65
GREEN AE, 1997, REG STUD, V31, P641
HANUSHEK EA, 1978, LAND ECON, V54, P411
HARTSHORN TA, 1989, URBAN GEOGR, V10, P375
HERRSCHEL T, 1998, ENTREPRENEURIAL CITY, P173
HILL EW, 1999, NEW AM CITY FACES IT, P77
HUDSON J, 1973, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V63, P28
HUH S, 1997, URBAN STUD, V34, P989
JACKSON KT, 1985, CRABGRASS FRONTIER S
JUD GD, 1985, AREUEA J, V13, P452
JUD GD, 1986, LAND ECON, V62, P362
JUD GD, 1981, LAND ECON, V57, P459
KASARDA JD, 1988, METROPOLIS ERA, V1, P56
KINCAID J, 1995, N AM CITIES GLOBAL E, P69
KNOX PL, 1994, URBANIZATION INTRO U
LANDALE NS, 1985, DEMOGRAPHY, V22, P199
MAHER C, 1994, URBAN STUD, V31, P5
MARGULIS HL, 2001, URBAN AFF REV, V36, P646
MARSHALL H, 1987, J URBAN AFF, V9, P249
MULLER PO, 1981, CONT SUBURBAN AM
OATES WE, 1969, J POLITICAL EC, V43, P1321
OCONNOR J, 2000, NEW HOME MARKET REPO
OSTROM E, 1983, URBAN AFF QUART, V19, P91
PACK H, 1977, URBAN STUD, V14, P191
PALMQUIST RB, 1982, J URBAN ECON, V11, P333
RAZIN E, 2000, URBAN AFF REV, V35, P821
ROSEMAN CC, 1971, ANN ASSOC AM GEOGR, V61, P589
ROSEN S, 1974, J POLITICAL EC, V82, P34
SCHNEIDER M, 1998, AM J POLIT SCI, V42, P769
SCHNEIDER M, 1997, AM J POLIT SCI, V41, P1201
SCHNEIDER M, 1982, URBAN AFF QUART, V18, P91
SPEARE A, 1974, DEMOGRAPHY, V11, P173
SPITZER JJ, 1982, REV ECON STAT, V64, P307
STANBACK TM, 1991, NEW SUBURBANIZATION
TESTE PM, 1993, AM POLIT SCI REV, V87, P702
UTTENSMANN JR, 1977, LAND ECON, V53, P299
WETZEL JN, 1983, LAND ECON, V59, P131
WOLPERT J, 1965, PAPERS REGIONAL SCI, V15, P159
598UU
J URBAN AFF
This study shows that in the suburban rings surrounding Cleveland, Ohio average resale prices are sustained through capitalization of quality-price preferences for housing and school quality. Average housing resale prices are highest where local fiscal capacity is built upon a strong residential- nonresidential property tax base and where the total valuation resulting is capitalized into housing stock prices. High total valuation per pupil enables school districts to maintain satisfactory per pupil expenditures that contribute to the sustainability of resale prices. Nonetheless, regional restructuring, population growth, access to superior housing, open space and other amenities in the peripheral, inner- and outer-edge suburban rings are redirecting investment away from the contiguous ring suburbs, where the levying of high effective millages is causing total valuations per pupil to fall; Diminishing school district quality and shrinking tax bases in the contiguous suburbs are harbingers of suburban distress and housing disinvestment.

McGuckin, C. P. and Brown, R. D. 1995. A Landscape Ecological Model for Wildlife Enhancement of Stormwater Management-Practices in Urban Greenways. Landscape and Urban Planning 33(1-3): 227-246.
modeling; landscape ecology; stormwater management
diversity; patterns
Cited Reference Count: 32
Cited References:
*GUELPH CIT, 1992, DRAFT COMPR ZON LAW
*INT UN CONS NAT N, 1980, WORLD CONSERVATION S
*U GUELPH, 1972, PUBLICATION U GUELPH, V51
ADAMS LW, 1986, 51ST P N AM WILDL NA, P249
ADAMS LW, 1985, WILSON BULL, V97, P120
BENNETT AF, 1990, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V4, P109
BLALOCK HM, 1979, SOCIAL STATISTICS
BOOKOUT LW, 1992, URBAN LAND JAN, P20
BOOTS BN, 1988, POINT PATTERN ANAL
CLARK PJ, 1954, ECOLOGY, V35, P445
COOK EA, 1991, LANDSCAPE RES, V16, P7
CULLINAN VI, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V7, P211
DEADMAN P, 1993, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V37, P147
DIAMOND JM, 1975, BIOL CONSERV, V7, P129
FILION FL, 1987, IMPORTANCE WILDLIFE
FILION FL, 1983, IMPORTANCE WILDLIFE
FORMAN RTT, 1981, BIOSCIENCE, V31, P733
FORMAN RTT, 1986, LAND ECOL
GALLI AE, 1976, AUK, V93, P356
GOLDSTEIN EL, 1985, LAND RES, V16, P14
GUTZWILLER KJ, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V6, P293
LEEDY DL, 1986, WILDLIFE CONSERVATIO, P8
LEVENSON JB, 1981, FOREST ISLAND DYNAMI, P13
MEENTEMEYER V, 1987, ECOL STUD, V64, P15
NOSS RF, 1983, BIOSCIENCE, V33, P700
NOSS RF, 1986, ENVIRON MANAGE, V10, P299
RANNEY JW, 1981, FOREST ISLAND DYNAMI
SHAW WW, 1985, LEISURE SCI, V7, P361
SHAW WW, 1984, US DEP INTERIOR FISH, V154
SPIRN AW, 1984, GRANITE GARDEN URBAN
SPRIET JA, 1992, COMPUTER AIDED MODEL
TAYLOR PJ, 1977, QUANTITATIVE METHODS
TE119
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
A spatial distribution model has been developed to predict the pattern of stormwater catchment facilities in developing urban areas. The model has been validated through comparison of predicted results with historical data in Guelph, Canada, using nearest neighbour analysis. The validated model has been applied to developing urban-rural fringe lands in Guelph to illustrate land use patterns likely to occur under different scenarios, Simulations of various scenarios for incorporating stormwater catchment facilities into greenways have been tested with the model and the resultant land use patterns compared with the status quo, through measures of landscape ecological integrity such as connectivity and porosity. The model was applied to an area on the edge of Guelph scheduled for development. The predicted land use patterns of various planning scenarios were generated and analysed. The results demonstrated that landscape integrity could be increased, urban wildlife habitat enhanced, and opportunities for residential non-consumptive wildlife recreation improved through integration of the evolving 'blue-green' open space provided by urban stormwater management facilities into existing greenways.

Michael L. Morrison, B. G. M. R. W. M., Ed. (1998). Wildlife-habitat relationships : concepts & applications.
Provides a broad but advanced understanding of habitat relationships applicable to terrrestrial species. Also includes ccoverage of spatial analysis, landscape ecology, animal populations and their quantification, behavioral studies. Covers the growing field of landscape ecology, including habtiat heterogeneity and responses of wildlife on habitat

Midgley, G. and Ochoa-Arias, A. E. 1999. Visions of community for community OR. Omega-International Journal of Management Science 27(2): 259-274.
community operational research; critical management science;
community; politics; historical investigation; participative
democracy
operational-research; subsidiarity; liberalism; systems; state
Cited Reference Count: 126
Cited References:
ACKOFF RL, 1981, CREATING CORPORATE F
ACKOFF RL, 1970, OPER RES, V18, P761
ANDREW C, 1994, TOTAL SYSTEMS INTERV
ARNSTEIN SR, 1969, J AM I PLANNERS, V35, P216
BACKHAUS JG, 1997, PUBLIC CHOICE, V90, P281
BARBER B, 1984, STRONG DEMOCRACY PAR
BARR C, 1994, COMMUNITY WORKS 26 C
BEER S, 1985, DIAGNOSING SYSTEM OE
BELL D, 1978, CULTURAL CONTRADICTI
BELLAH RN, 1985, HABITS HEART INDIVID
BLOOM A, 1987, CLOSING AM MIND
BOWLES S, 1986, DEMOCRACY CAPITALISM
BROWN L, 1978, 29 DAY ACCOMMODATING
CAMPBELL B, 1986, MARXISM TODAY, V30, P6
CANEY S, 1992, POLIT STUD-LONDON, V40, P273
CHECKLAND P, 1990, SOFT SYSTEMS METHODO
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The purpose of this paper is to open space for a debate about normative visions of community and their implications for community OR. It is argued that, if practitioners do not reflect on the different visions that it is possible to promote, then there is a danger that they will default to the understanding of community that is implicit in the liberal/capitalist tradition currently dominant in the West (and increasingly most of the rest of the world). Some may be happy with this, but for those who wish to consider the value of alternative political traditions, there is a need for explicit reflection on the different possible meanings of the term 'community'. To clarify some of the choices available to community OR practitioners, three major political traditions are reviewed (liberalism, Marxism and communitarianism), as well as sub-divisions of these, and the paper asks: what kind of community OR practice would support each one? In all, eight different (sometimes overlapping) forms of community OR practice are identified, each of which is capable of promoting a different normative vision of community. There are therefore substantial political choices open to those involved ire community OR. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Milat, A. J., Stubbs, J., Engelhard, S., Weston, P., Giles-Corti, B. and Fitzgerald, S. 2002. Measuring physical activity in public open space - an electronic device versus direct observation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26(1): 50-51.
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BOOTH M, 1996, THESIS U SYDNEY SYDN
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523XV
AUST N Z PUBL HEALTH
Objective: To evaluate the practicality and validity of using infra-red beam counters (IRBCs) to measure walking path use and overall park use. Method: Direct observation was carried out simultaneously with IRBC data collection in five parks on seven non-consecutive days during February-March in 1998 and on matched days in 1999. A second validation study was undertaken in one park in October 1999. Results: The IRBC over-estimated the observed number of people using walking paths by 14% to 78%. When assessed by path volume, the difference between the IRBC and observer ranged from 10% under-estimation to 16% over- estimation. In a more rigorous evaluation of path volume the IRBC under-estimated the observed count by 20%. The extent to which the IRBC equated with the number of observed park users varied from 69% underestimation to no difference, Conclusion: IRBCs are not appropriate for measuring the number of people engaging in physical activity in parks, Implications: IRBCs cannot replace direct observation for the collection of valid data on physical activity participation in parks. Further research is needed to determine settings in which electronic devices such as IRBCs may provide valid data on physical activity participation.

Miller, J. R. and Hobbs, N. T. 2000. Recreational trails, human activity, and nest predation in lowland riparian areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 50(4): 227-236.
birds; trail; predation
artificial nests; quail eggs; forest fragmentation; national-
park; house wrens; birds; corridors; habitat; edge; behavior
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In areas of human settlement, greenways and open-space land are often intended to serve recreational purposes as well as provide wildlife habitat, but the compatibility of these goals is uncertain. We examined the effect of recreational trails on the risk of nest predation and nest predator activity at four lowland riparian sites along the Front Range of Colorado. At one site on each of two streams, we placed a transect of artificial nests near a recreational trail and another transect on the opposite side of the stream, We also placed another transect of nests at a second site on each stream that was not associated with a recreational trail. In 1995, nests were baited with quail eggs; in 1996 a clay egg was also added to nests to aid us in nest predator identification. Artificial nests are not perfect surrogates for natural nests, but are useful in generating hypotheses about causes of nest failure and for detecting changes in predator assemblages. Overall, predation rates were high (93%). There were significant differences in vulnerability to predation on the different transect types, with a tendency for predation rates to increase with distance from trails. There was a significant effect of time with a greater risk of predation in 1996. In 1996, 83% of the clay eggs that were recovered showed signs of predation. House Wrens destroyed 11% of the clay eggs; impressions from Black-billed Magpies, Blue Jays, and Common Grackles were found on 69%; mice preyed on 25%; and squirrels on 12% of the eggs. Birds attacked more nests near trails than away from trails, whereas mammals appeared to avoid nests near trails to some extent. These results support the contention that recreational trails and human activity may affect nesting success for some species, and suggest that patterns of nest predation reflect the unique, and sometimes, counter-intuitive responses of individual predator species. Rather than relying on simplistic assumptions about the compatibility of recreation and wildlife, it is important to consider how individual species respond to the habitat alteration and human activity associated with trails when deciding where trails should be located and in developing overall conservation strategies in human-dominated areas. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Miyawaki, A. and Golley, F. B. 1993. Forest Reconstruction as Ecological Engineering. Ecological Engineering 2(4): 333-345.
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MIYAWAKI A, 1985, INT J BIOMETEOROL S1, V29, P197
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MIYAWAKI A, 1977, VEGETATION FAUNA, P87
MIYAWAKI A, 1980, VEGETATION JAPAN, V1
MIYAWAKI A, 1988, VEGETATION MAPPING, P427
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TUXEN R, 1956, ANGEW PFLANZENSOZIOL, V13, P5
MQ006
ECOL ENG
Land restoration involves reconstruction of the native biota in a sustainable form. If reconstruction involves deliberate manipulation of biological organisms and the physical-chemical environment to achieve specific human goals, it qualifies as ecological engineering. Restoration which uses natural processes to achieve endpoints which are unpredictable but can be accepted because they are ''natural'' is not ecological engineering. In Japan a system of forest reconstruction has been developed which is based on knowledge of the potential vegetation of a site, knowledge of the methods of germination and growth of the species which compose the mature vegetation and a method of site preparation and planting. This ecological engineering approach has been used on 285 sites, in a variety of habitats, to form dense stands of vegetation to hide industrial complexes, control visual, noise and chemical pollution, stabilize soil and beaches and provide urban green space. The technique has also been used to restore tropical rain forest.

Mortberg, U. and Wallentinus, H. G. 2000. Red-listed forest bird species in an urban environment - assessment of green space corridors. Landscape and Urban Planning 50(4): 215-226.
red-listed forest birds; greenways; greenbelt; green space
corridors; urban; suburban; planning
habitat fragmentation; black woodpecker; landscape;
consequences; gis
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Cited References:
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BASCHAK LA, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V33, P211
BOLGER DT, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P406
BOTKIN DB, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P3
COLLINGE SK, 1996, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V36, P59
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HOGMAN PG, 1997, FAGLAR STOCKHOLMSTRA, V2, P84
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OPDAM P, 1995, IBIS, V137, P139
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SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18
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SVENSSON S, 1999, SWIDISH BIRD ATLAS
SWETNAM RD, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V41, P3
TJERNBERG M, 1996, BIRD FAUNA UPPLAN S2
TJERNBERG M, 1993, ORNIS FENNICA, V70, P155
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348AR
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
The aim of this work was to investigate if the forest remnants of the city and the system of green space corridors could support target species for conservation, in the form of red- listed forest bird species, to show through the presence of the target species what habitat qualities are still possible near cities, and to reveal those features and properties of the landscape structure that were important in this sense. The findings could be used for developing guidelines for design of urban green space corridors. A spatial analysis was performed, covering the landscape in the study area and 67 sample sites with natural vegetation, within and outside of the green space corridors. Breeding forest birds were recorded and breeding of target species in the sample sites as functions of landscape descriptors was tested using logistic regression. Seven red- listed forest bird species were found breeding in the sample sites. Considering them as indicators of habitat qualities, the results would imply that the qualities of the urban and suburban forests were due to a vast range of deciduous forest, especially broad-leaved, and possibly also to a lower intensity of forestry than in rural areas, resulting in a sufficient number of mature and decaying trees. The logistic regression models showed that important properties of remnants of natural vegetation were large areas of forest on rich soils, together with connectivity in the form of amounts of this habitat in the landscape. These properties were associated with the green space corridors. Implications for the design of urban green space corridors would be to treat mature and decaying trees and patches of moist deciduous forest as a resource for vulnerable species, and to conserve large areas of natural vegetation together with a network of important habitats in the whole landscape, in this case forest on rich soils, also in built-up areas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Mullauer-Seichter, W. 2001. The use of urban green space: Between private and public, aesthetic and economic gain. La-Casa-de-Campo, park of Madrid. Revista De Dialectologia Y Tradiciones Populares 56(1): 163-181.
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BUSTOYDEJADOCAJ.M, 1876, PROYECTO APROVECHAMI
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The author analyzes the perception of public open green areas in Madrid. Through the study of the 'Casa de Campo' park, she aims to show how this green area has been used in different ways. The Casa de Campo has both an aesthetic and economic purpose. In Northern Europe, open areas such a this one are often places which people use for contemplation and solitude; in contrast, in Southern Europe people tend to utilize these parks aas meeting arenas for socializing.

Murphy, M. T. 2001. Source-sink dynamics of a declining Eastern Kingbird population and the value of sink habitats. Conservation Biology 15(3): 737-748.
reproductive success; balanced dispersal; capture-recapture;
migratory birds; metapopulation; demography; viability; models;
fragmentation; environments
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MURPHY MT, 1996, CONDOR, V98, P83
MURPHY MT, 2000, ECOL MONOGR, V70, P1
MURPHY MT, 2001, IN PRESS ECOLOGY
PEARSON DL, 1980, MIGRANT BIRDS NEOTRO, P273
PETERSON S, 1993, STELLA 2 TECHNICAL D
POLLOCK KH, 1990, WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS, V107
PULLIAM HR, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P652
PULLIAM HR, 1994, B ECOLOGICAL SOC SEP, P141
PULLIAM RH, 1991, AM NAT, V137, PS51
PURCELL KL, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P442
REED JM, 1998, WILDLIFE SOC B, V26, P244
ROBINSON SK, 1995, SCIENCE, V267, P1987
ROGERS CM, 1997, CONDOR, V99, P622
SAETHER BE, 1998, AM NAT, V151, P441
SAETHER BE, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P628
STACEY PB, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P18
THOMAS CD, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P647
WATKINSON AR, 1995, J ANIM ECOL, V64, P126
WIENS JA, 1996, METAPOPULATIONS WILD, P53
WOOLFENDEN GE, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P542
WOOTTON JT, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P307
441HY
CONSERV BIOL
I developed a demographic model for species inhabiting a mosaic of habitats of varying quality and among which dispersal was limited only by territorial behavior I used the model to describe an ongoing decline of an Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) population breeding in the Charlotte Valley of central New York and to explore the possibility that the population utilized a network of source-sink habitats Population size declined in upland and floodplain habitats between 1989 and 1999, but remained stable along a riparian zone (the "creek"). Population size after 10 years was predicted accurately when I used the empirically observed habitat-specific rates of adult survival, productivity and adult dispersal among habitats and assumed a 5% rate of immigration into the upland. Simulation of the effect of density-dependent variation in reproductive, success or a small increase in adult survival in all habitats failed to improve the model's predictive ability. The model indicated that none of the subpopulations teas self-sustaining over 50 years and that population decline was driven by declining adult survival. Further analyses, however, showed that small increases in adult survival along the creek! changed the creek habitat into a source and reversed population trends. Simulation of realistic rates of habitat loss as a result of forest maturation did not affect predicted population size at 50 years, but, assuming that the area of pasture and grazed lands continues to decline at current rates, the king bird population is predicted to become extinct locally within 40 years. Riparian zones appear to be source habitats for kingbirds and should be targeted for protection. Sink habitats were also important because in every year most of the king bird population bred on the floodplain or in the upland and many floodplain birds later dispersed to the creek. Preservation of open space is thus critical for maintenance of kingbird populations in eastern North America.

Nelson, A. C. 1992. Preserving Prime Farmland in the Face of Urbanization - Lessons from Oregon. Journal of the American Planning Association 58(4): 467-488.
agricultural protection program; residential land market; open
space protection; urban-growth; use act; policy; greenbelt
Cited Reference Count: 84
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J AMER PLANN ASSN
This article combines theory and a literature review with empirical and descriptive findings to demonstrate that Oregon's mix of policies is effective in preserving prime farmland in the face of urbanization. Exclusive farm use zones preserve farmland for farming; urban growth boundaries limit urban sprawl; exurban districts accommodate the demand for rural residential development without harming commercial farm operations; farm tax deferral and right-to-farm laws create incentives for farmers to keep farming; and comprehensive plans legitimize the entire package. This article proposes a comprehensive scheme for farmland preservation that expands on the experience of Oregon, including its mistakes.

may be helpful in thinking about how our research can be used and about the policy choices that influence the patches we hope to study.,&Banks, J. C.
Brack, C. L.
James, R. N. 1999f_Modelling changes in dimensions, health status, and arboricultural implications for urban treesUrban Ecosystems
335-43.'urban forests, ecological functionalitylfThis article appears to provide a good example of how urban trees have been studied and characterized.$Botkin, D. B.
Beveridge, C. E. 1997Cities as environmentsUrban Ecosystems
1a 3-19"urban ecology, urban forests¨
¡
This article is the introduction to the journal Urban Ecosystems. It defines the themes that have characterized discussions about cities being considered as ecosystems themselves, including the beauty of natural parks, urban demographics, specific trends in city planning, and the idea of cities being considered as habitat. Los Angeles is described as a case study to demonstrate specific arguments of the authors.o4-Bramston, Paul
Pretty, Grace
Chipuer, Heather 2002haUnravelling subjective quality of life: an investigation of individual and community determinantsa Social Indicators Research59261-274social functionalityvpThis article appears to be one that will be very helpful in thinking about our measures of social functionality.*$Brown, Barbara B.
Cropper, Vivian L. 2001^WNew urban and standard suburban subdivisions: evaluating psychological and social goalss2,Journal of the American Planning Association67
4APA JournalrlNew Urbanist,, subdivision, Salt Lake City, sense of community, neighborliness, social functionality, surveyPIMay be good to look at survey methods for measuring social functionality.
& Calthorpe, Peter
Fulton, William 2001Regionalism and SprawlWashington, D. C.Island Press 302HT 392 C28 2001*#sprawl, regionalism, design, policyf

It is interesting in that the first chapter discusses the economic region, the social region, and the ecological region - but not related to forest functionality directly. Provides a brief history of Seattle growth (1970's - present). Plate of Issaquah Highlands.':4Christakopoulou, Sophia
Dawson, Jon
Gari, Aikaterini 2001xrThe community well-being questionnaire: theoretical context and initial assessment of its reliability and validity Social Indicators Research56321-351*$social functionality, survey methodsª¤The article appears to apply directly to our task of assessing social functionality both in terms of defining social function and designing a method of measurement.<5Correll, Mark R.
Lillydahl, Jane H.
Singell, Larry D.e 1978tnThe effects of greenbelts on residential property values: some findings on the political economy of open spaceLand Economics54
2207-217>7hedonic price model, open space, economic functionalityeP
I
This paper assesses the economic effects of greenbelts in Boulder, CO, through hedonic price modeling. The research indicates that while there is a statistically significant, negative correlation between distance and residential housing price, there is no relationship between housing price and view of the Great Boulder Valley.oCostanza, Robert 2000:4Social goals and the valuation of ecosystem services Ecosystems
3
1 4-100*economic valuation, economic functionalityx
r
The author provides a general assessment of the implicit approach used under the current economic system to evaluate ecosystem services, in the light of the efficiency of tradeoffs and choices. He proposes an alternative ethical standard, which incorporates ecological sustainability, social fairness, and economic efficiency in decisions made about natural resources.~wDale, V. H.
Brown, S.
Haeuber, R. A.
Hobbs, N. T.
Huntly, N.
Naiman, R. J.
Riebsame, W. E.
Turner, M. G.
Valone, T. J.e 2000LEEcological principles and guidelines for managing the use of the landEcological Applications10
3639-670àÚconservation, distrubance, ecological processes, ecosystem function, environmental policy, keystone species. land management, land use, ecological principles, landscape, nonnative species, planning, settlement patterns@9De Wet, Andrew P.
Richardson, Jonathan
Olympia, Catherinel 1998\UInteractions of land-use history and current ecology in a recovering "urban wildland"\Urban Ecosystems
2²237-262urban ecosystemd
]
This paper describes the land use history and the ecology of a former industrial site in Lancaster County, PA, that is recovering from ecological impacts. It does briefly address the implications of conversion to green space / recreational uses, but is more of a descriptive article than a broader discussion of the implications of land conversion.Diener, Ed
Suh, Eunkook  1997LFMeasuring quality of life: economic, social, and subjective indicators Social Indicators Research40189-21681Dovciak, Martin
Frelich, Lee E.
Reich, Peter B.e 2001piDiscordance in spatial patterns of white pine (Pinus strobus) size-classes in a patchy near-boreal foresteThe Journal of Ecology89
2f 280}Dow, Kirstin 200082Social dimensions of gradients in urban ecosystemsUrban Ecosystems
4r255-275crlurban ecosystem, gradient, environmental history, urbanization, urban gradient, social functionality, theory*#This article addresses the need to include social dimensions in landscape-ecology style studies of urban ecosystems. The author introduces three social dimensions that should be added to characteristics defining urban gradients: 1) land use, 2) land management effort, 3) historical context. It has a nice discussion/table illustrating historical social changes/happenings affecting urban ecology. The article is a nice discussion of gradient related social issues but does not really meet our current needs/ thoughts on 'social functionality'.fEhrenfeld, Joanh 20002+Evaluating wetlands within an urban context0Urban Ecosystems
4o69-85v>7”/:*´=p
1pì82Erickson, Donna L
Ryan, Robert L
De Young, Raymond 2002tnWoodlots in the rural landscape: landowner motivations and management attitudes in a Michigan (USA) case study"Landscape and Urban Planning58101-112tHAsocial functionality, social survey methods, social functionalityu´­This study seeks to explain and understand what is important to and motivates landowners of rural, non-industrial private forests (NIPFs). The amount of forest in the Michigan study areas is increasing, mainly because of a change in who is buying these lands. A mail-survey is used to assess the motivations behind ownership of these NIPFs. Results indicated that aesthetic reasons and environmental protection ranked highest among landowner reasons for retaining forest on their lands, economic benefits ranked 3rd. 'Wildlife habitat' and 'add beauty' were the highest rated individual items. While the overall trend was the same for both groups (1.aesthetic/2.environmental protection/3.economic) farmers rated economic reasons higher than non-farmers. The survey also explored owners views, effortsand knowledge about management of these areas. It is another good social survey source both in terms of examples of results/questions and for refs and methods of developing survey; also interesting for results--ranking of motivations, but may be very different in an area closer to lg city (or in the study site in 20yrs). It also highlight benefits/importance of private forest patches.nEwing, R. H. 1994HBCharacteristics, causes and effects of sprawl: a literature review$Environmental and Urban IssuesWinter 1994b 1-15*$Sprawl, review, social functionality 
�
The physical characteristics, causes, and effects of sprawl must b understood before sprawl acan be effectively regulated. Relying on the literature in the field, this paper provides a conceptual framework against which DCA's proposed sprawl rule can be judged an upon which the final rule can rest. Review includes 'costs of sprawl' references including 'psychic costs' which relate to social functionalitye4-Filion, Pierre
Bunting, Trudi
Warriner, Keith 1999piThe entrenchment of urban dispersion: residential preferences and location patterns in the dispersed city
Urban Studiesÿ36
8ÿ 1317-1347ÿ$sprawl, theoretical frameworkmhaThis article may aid us in defining our gradient and understanding the pattern of forest patches.o@:Geoghegan, Jacqueline
Wainger, Lisa A.
Bockstael, Nancy E. 1997b\Spatial landscape indices in a hedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GISEcological Economics23
3l251-2649>7hedonic price model, open space, economic functionalityt��This paper presents a hedonic price model for residential property in the Washington DC area. The researchers used spatial data from a GIS datavase to develop landscape indices to include in this mode, specifically the diversity and fragmentation indices within a 0.1 and 1.0 km radius. The analysis indicates that within a 0.1 km radius, the effect of percentage open space is significant and positive, but within a 1.0 km radius, the effect is significant and negative. The authors suggest that the latter effect is due to the absence of urban services. In the larger buffer, forestry and agricultural uses also tend to decrease propert values.Geoghegan, Jacquelinec 200260The value of open spaces in residential land useLand Use Policyn1991-98t@9hedonic price model, open space, ecological functionalitytH
A
This article presents a hedonic price model for Howard County, MD, to demonstrate the differences in the effects of "permanent" and "developable" open space. The results show that the effects of "permanent" open space on property values are approximately three times greater than the effects of "developable" open space.t$Germann-Chiari, C.
Seeland, K. 2003´®Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research"Forest Policy and Economics ��Social integration, urban green spaces, urban forestry, geographical information system (GIS), census, social functionality, methodm("The objective of this ongoing research is to analyse the social potential of urban green spaces to create opportunities to integrate youths, elderly people, foreigners, unemployed and other social groups into the urban life of large Swiss agglomerations. Urban green-space data are linked with social demographic datat for these particular social groups. Three large cities in the different language regions of Switzerland have been selected for a comparative study: Geneva (French-speaking), Lugano(Italian-speaking) and Zurich (German-speaking). The green-space data derived from vector25, the digital landscape model in a vector format of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography, and the social demographic data from the 1990 Swiss census are compiled for further processing with the geographical information systems ArcInfo and ArcView. In this way, a contribution to the development of a GIS-based research methodology is made. The goal of this approach is to obtain a highly aggregated planning tool for urban forestry and green-space development.�{Abstract only, article in press. Method of integrating census data with urban green space data should be worth looking at.*$Goulder, Lawrence H.
Kennedy, DonaldLEValuing ecosystem services: philosophical bases and empirical methods ask Marina23-47*$Grove, J Morgan
Burch, William R, Jr 1997voA social ecology approach and applications of urban and landscape analyses: a case study of Baltimore, MarylandUrban Ecosystems
1 259-275n$theory, theoretical framework B;A good account of the history of 'urban ecology' and how its roots began at the same time as plant and animal ecology but was primarily viewed apart from it 'human ecology'. Authors now stress move back to this linkage but considering humans as one would any other social creature. Case is made that neither strict 'ecology' approaches nor straight sociological approaches are adequate to answer urban ecology questions, a middle-ground or combination of the two are needed. One example question is very similar to our research interests. The article is a good source for theory and background sort of a justification/history of urban ecology approach. As mentioned above, one of their example ?s is very close to what we are trying to do. They also provide examples of how different info can be meshed together using gis (nothing earth shattering); my favorite quote: 'However, a common confusion among many life scientists who do not study people or other social species is that measurements of human communities are difficult if not impossible....' so take heart DAJA! 5�
ô
°
*@¸¬?î>\
ª
*$Guntenspergen, G R
Levenson, James B 1997f`Understory plant species composition in remnant stands along an urban-to-rural land-use gradientUrban Ecosystems
1155-169NHgradient, urban gradient, ecological functionality, vegetative community”�The article appears to be very applicable to our study in terms of vegetation in remnant forest patches as well as the use of urban gradient.xqHarwell, Chirstine C.
Deren, Christopher W.
Snyder, George H.
Soliecki, William D.
Wilson, James
Harwell, Mark A.g 1999��Use of a conceptual model of societal drivers of ecological change in South Florida: Implications of an ecosystem management scenarioÿUrban Ecosystems
3ÿ345-358ÿvohuman-dominated ecosystem, conceptual model, restoration scenarios, societal implications, social functionalityª£This is really an article that only peripherally applied to our project. It breaks societal factors down into ownership, use and control of resources, and policy. Societal drivers are another category that includs values, technology, economy, population, and institutions. A third category is 'quality of life' that deals with access, income, employment, and the willingness of the public to live in a 'low impact' manner. The article is really aimed at the assessment of restoration efforts and potential in Florida. Therefore, the aim of the study differs from ours. The value comes in the way in which the factors affecting restoration are organized and identified. PJHepinstall, Jeffrey A.
Marzluff, John M.
Handcock, Mark S.
Hurvitz, Philip 2003�{Incorporating resource utilization distributions into the study of resource selection: dealing with spatial autocorrelationÿDraftÿÌÆhabitat selection, habitat use, kernel, multiple regression, resource selection, resource utilization function, Stellar's jay, spatial autocorrelation, utilization distribution, spatial data
methods82It examines and raises issues we willl have to deal with in terms of the spatial nature of our data. The article assumes a large amount of knowledge in terms of typically utilized methodologies for manipulating and understanding spatial data. We will likely be better served just talking to Jeff. An additional 'take home' message of the article is that the quality of an estimation is truly reflective of the quality of data on which it is based. As obvious as it seems, it is a good thing to keep in mind when you begin using data in more abstract manners.$Hostetler, Mark
Holling, C. S. 2000RLDetecting the scales at which birds respond to structure in urban landscapesUrban Ecosystems
425-54("Hostetler, Mark
Knowles-Yanez, Kim 2002NHLand use, scale, and bird distributions in the Phoenix metropolitan area"Landscape and Urban Planning 936f 1-14(!Innes, Judith E.
Booher, David E.o 1999TNMetropolitan development as a complex system: A new approach to sustainability$Economic Develpoment Quarterly13
2141-156vpurban development, sustainable development, land use, metropolitan areas, theoretical framework, complex systemsÔÍIt provides a general description of complex systems and argues that complexity theory is an appropriate framework within which to examine urban systems. " a conception of the social, political, and economic world as a complex, self-organizing, adaptive system, parallel to those being identified in the physical and biological sciences, .." California is used as an illustration of the complexity of urban systems and to illustrate the limitations of current/past approaches. It includes a limited literature review. The article ultimately takes a final step arguing that complex systems provide new insights to sustainability. The application of the framework is broken into 3 parts: indicators (system indicators, performance measures, rapid feedback), consensus building, and leadership. The application ideals are just that, Ideal. While good points are brought up, they are not terribly practical. Other articles may be better descriptions of complex systems.t("Iverson, Louis R
Cook, Elizabeth A 2000`YUrban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and incometUrban Ecosystems
4\105-124SB<economic functionality, social functionality, remote sensing(!This paper describes efforts to use LandSat Thematic Mapper data to identify landcover classes. Landcover for the greater Chicago area is then inventoried, paying particular attention to urban vegetation. Methods for classifying and utilizing LandSat TM data are described. Also discusses the successes of forest preserve systems for retaining forests in highly urbanized, high density communities. Also correlate landcover data with household number and income data, nothing shocking found--i.e. amount of forestland inversely related to number of households. Overall, it is a good remote sensing method paper and example of the type of work we might need to do. Findings of interest or relevant to our study include that wealthy regions had higher tree cover while poorer had lower tree cover.sJohansson, Stens 2002HAConceptualizing and measuring quality of life for national policy Social Indicators Research5813-32social functionalityVPThis appears to be useful for thinking about and measuring social functionality.Johnson, D. Gale 2002TMThe declining importance of natural resources: lessons from agricultural land$Resource and Energy Economics24157-171Jokimäki, Jukka 1999ngOccurrence of breeding bird species in urban parks: Effects of park structure and broad-scale variablesiUrban Ecosystems
3a21-34ecological functionality

This article appears to apply directly to our potential use of birds to characterize the ecological functionality of forest patches/green space. Even if we choose to use a measure other than birds, the article should be helpful in thinking about the structure of green spaces.i4.Jorgensen, Anna
Hitchmough, James
Calvert, Tig 2002TNWoodland spaces and edges: their impact on perception of safety and preference"Landscape and Urban Planning60135-150f"social functionality, safety��This article speaks directly to some of the issues we have been thinking about as social functionality such as preceived vs. real safety issues.Kaplan, Stephen 1995>8The urban forest as a source of psychological well-being Bradley, Gordon A.JCUrban Forest Landscapes: integrating multidisciplinary perspectivesSeattlei$University of Washington Press100-108SB 436 U7 19950*Urban forest, social functionality, review�|This is good for a conceptual and empirical review, it is not original research nor does it describe methods but has references that presumably would. Attributes 'mental fatigue' to 'directed attention' (takes effort, controlled, can fatigue) as opposed to 'fascination' (effortless, somewhat involuntary, relieves fatigue). 'Restorative environments' are outlets for fascination (via content and/or process) - does not have to be an enjoyable experience. Cofactors are 'being away', compatability (of environment with purpose or individual preferences) and 'other worldliness'. Review of empirical studies mentions work in hospitals, prisons, home and work, plus a community garden study and a 'outdoor challenge program' (wilderness study). Response to restorative environment included improved proofreading and (in cancer patients) improved attention, initiative, and quality-of-life. ¼G&F�¤À0�b<âTyrväinen, Liisa 1997ZSThe amenity value of the urban forest: an application of the hedonic pricing methodb"Landscape and Urban Planning37211-222ZTeconomics, hedonic price model, urban forest, forest patches, economic functionalityÔ
Î
This article uses apartment sales data from Joensuu, Finland, in a hedonic price model to define the economic benefits dervied from the non-consumptive use of urban forests. The analysis indicates that the quality of natural areas can significantly affect prices. This includes proximity to wooded recreational areas and increasing proportions of forested area within a neighbourhood. The effect of small forested parks in a neighbourhood is unclear, however.& Tyrväinen, Liisa
Väänänen, Hannu 1998f_The economic value of urban forest amenities: an application of the contingent valuation method,"Landscape and Urban Planning43105-118 \Veconomics, contingent valuation, urban forests, forest patches, economic functionality This article assesses the benefits of urban forests in Joensuu, Finland, with the use of the contingent valuation method (CVM). Issues regarding the use of surveys to identify preferences and willingness to pay are discussed. The research concludes that while willingness to pay changes with season, area and location, residents are willing to pay for the use of forests, and are also willing to pay to prevent the conversion of forests to other uses. This may differ, however, based on environment and cultural values.(!Tyrväinen, Liisa
Miettinen, Anttie 20000*Property prices and urban forest amenities81Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,39205-223B;hedonic price model, forest patches, economic functionalityln
g
This study implicitly values the amenity of urban forests in the district of Salo, Finland, with the use of a hedonic regression model. The results suggest that a one kilometer increase in distance from an urban forest results in a 5.9 percent decrease in the sale value of the house, and that dwellings in the area with a view are about 4.9% more expensive.i2+Wickham, J. D.,
O'Neill, R. V.,
Jones K. B.n 20004-Forest fragmentation as an economic indicatorLandscape Ecology15171-179��economic geography, geographic information systems (GIS), land-cover change, land use modeling, urban gradient, economic functionality`ZGeographic gradient of urbanization pressure, or demand for land, was calculated using splining based on "distance-decay" and "retail gravity" theory. Basically they built a surface map of urbanization pressure based on the population:distance ratio from multiple urban centers. This gradient was 'moderately' correlated with forest fragmentation (grid analysis) and 'strongly' correlated with land-cover change (NDVI). They speculate that forest pattern was also influenced by local and historical factors (unexplained variation). The building of a geographic gradient might be a useful technique.Wilhelmsson, MatsP 2000HAThe impact of traffic noise on the values of single-family housest60Journal of Environmental Planning and Management43
6799-81560Wilson, John D
Kohlhase, Janet E
Strawn, Sabrina 19996/Quality of life and comparative risk in HoustonUrban Ecosystems
3113-129t"Wu, Jianguo
Loucks, Orie L.l 1995XRFrom balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology&The Quarterly Review of Biologyc70
4439-466ÿDecember60patch dynamics, hierarchy, theoretical framework�|This provides a good review of complex systems theory. It takes the ideas further than Innes adn Booher (1999), in that it adds the concepts of hierarchy and patch dynamics. The argument is made that complex systems are hierarchically orbanized. This leads to two key points: (1) a focal level can be defined; and (2) once a focal level is defined the relevance of other time/space processes can be determined. Another strenght of this article is the fact that the theory is applied as part of the Pheonix LTER. It explains how the theory is used to build and relate models and how patch hierarhcies are defined and scales changed. Wu, Jianguo
David, John L. 2002pjA spatially explicit hierarchical approach to modeling complex ecological systems: theory and applicationsEcological Modelling 153 7-26¨¡complex systems modeling, hierarchical patch dynamics, hierarchical modeling, scaling, urban landscape ecology, theoretical framework, complex systems, hierarchye´­Read: Adrienne
This article provides a good review of complex systems theory. It takes the ideas further than Innes and Booher (1999), in that it adds the concepts of hierarchy and patch dynamics. The argument is made that complex systems are hierarchically organized. This leads to two key points: (1) a focal level can be defined; and (2) once a focal level is defined the relevance of other time/space scale processes can be determined. Another strength of this article is the fact that the theory is applied as part of current research in the Phoenix LTER. It explains how the theory is used to build and relate models and how patch hierarchies are defined and scales changed. RLZipperer, Wayne C.
Sisinni, Susan M.
Pouyat, Richard V.
Foresman, Timothy W. 19972+Urban tree cover: an ecological perspectiveUrban Ecosystems
1229-246Michael L. Morrison, B. G. M. R. W. M., Ed. (1998). Wildlife-habitat relationships : concepts & applications.
Provides a broad but advanced understanding of habitat relationships applicable to terrrestrial species. Also includes ccoverage of spatial analysis, landscape ecology, animal populations and their quantification, behavioral studies. Covers the growing field of landscape ecology, including habtiat heterogeneity and responses of wildlife on habitat

Midgley, G. and Ochoa-Arias, A. E. 1999. Visions of community for community OR. Omega-International Journal of Management Science 27(2): 259-274.
community operational research; critical management science;
community; politics; historical investigation; participative
democracy
operational-research; subsidiarity; liberalism; systems; state
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The purpose of this paper is to open space for a debate about normative visions of community and their implications for community OR. It is argued that, if practitioners do not reflect on the different visions that it is possible to promote, then there is a danger that they will default to the understanding of community that is implicit in the liberal/capitalist tradition currently dominant in the West (and increasingly most of the rest of the world). Some may be happy with this, but for those who wish to consider the value of alternative political traditions, there is a need for explicit reflection on the different possible meanings of the term 'community'. To clarify some of the choices available to community OR practitioners, three major political traditions are reviewed (liberalism, Marxism and communitarianism), as well as sub-divisions of these, and the paper asks: what kind of community OR practice would support each one? In all, eight different (sometimes overlapping) forms of community OR practice are identified, each of which is capable of promoting a different normative vision of community. There are therefore substantial political choices open to those involved ire community OR. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Milat, A. J., Stubbs, J., Engelhard, S., Weston, P., Giles-Corti, B. and Fitzgerald, S. 2002. Measuring physical activity in public open space - an electronic device versus direct observation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26(1): 50-51.
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Cited References:
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SALLIS JF, 1999, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BE
523XV
AUST N Z PUBL HEALTH
Objective: To evaluate the practicality and validity of using infra-red beam counters (IRBCs) to measure walking path use and overall park use. Method: Direct observation was carried out simultaneously with IRBC data collection in five parks on seven non-consecutive days during February-March in 1998 and on matched days in 1999. A second validation study was undertaken in one park in October 1999. Results: The IRBC over-estimated the observed number of people using walking paths by 14% to 78%. When assessed by path volume, the difference between the IRBC and observer ranged from 10% under-estimation to 16% over- estimation. In a more rigorous evaluation of path volume the IRBC under-estimated the observed count by 20%. The extent to which the IRBC equated with the number of observed park users varied from 69% underestimation to no difference, Conclusion: IRBCs are not appropriate for measuring the number of people engaging in physical activity in parks, Implications: IRBCs cannot replace direct observation for the collection of valid data on physical activity participation in parks. Further research is needed to determine settings in which electronic devices such as IRBCs may provide valid data on physical activity participation.

Miller, J. R. and Hobbs, N. T. 2000. Recreational trails, human activity, and nest predation in lowland riparian areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 50(4): 227-236.
birds; trail; predation
artificial nests; quail eggs; forest fragmentation; national-
park; house wrens; birds; corridors; habitat; edge; behavior
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LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
In areas of human settlement, greenways and open-space land are often intended to serve recreational purposes as well as provide wildlife habitat, but the compatibility of these goals is uncertain. We examined the effect of recreational trails on the risk of nest predation and nest predator activity at four lowland riparian sites along the Front Range of Colorado. At one site on each of two streams, we placed a transect of artificial nests near a recreational trail and another transect on the opposite side of the stream, We also placed another transect of nests at a second site on each stream that was not associated with a recreational trail. In 1995, nests were baited with quail eggs; in 1996 a clay egg was also added to nests to aid us in nest predator identification. Artificial nests are not perfect surrogates for natural nests, but are useful in generating hypotheses about causes of nest failure and for detecting changes in predator assemblages. Overall, predation rates were high (93%). There were significant differences in vulnerability to predation on the different transect types, with a tendency for predation rates to increase with distance from trails. There was a significant effect of time with a greater risk of predation in 1996. In 1996, 83% of the clay eggs that were recovered showed signs of predation. House Wrens destroyed 11% of the clay eggs; impressions from Black-billed Magpies, Blue Jays, and Common Grackles were found on 69%; mice preyed on 25%; and squirrels on 12% of the eggs. Birds attacked more nests near trails than away from trails, whereas mammals appeared to avoid nests near trails to some extent. These results support the contention that recreational trails and human activity may affect nesting success for some species, and suggest that patterns of nest predation reflect the unique, and sometimes, counter-intuitive responses of individual predator species. Rather than relying on simplistic assumptions about the compatibility of recreation and wildlife, it is important to consider how individual species respond to the habitat alteration and human activity associated with trails when deciding where trails should be located and in developing overall conservation strategies in human-dominated areas. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Miyawaki, A. and Golley, F. B. 1993. Forest Reconstruction as Ecological Engineering. Ecological Engineering 2(4): 333-345.
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MQ006
ECOL ENG
Land restoration involves reconstruction of the native biota in a sustainable form. If reconstruction involves deliberate manipulation of biological organisms and the physical-chemical environment to achieve specific human goals, it qualifies as ecological engineering. Restoration which uses natural processes to achieve endpoints which are unpredictable but can be accepted because they are ''natural'' is not ecological engineering. In Japan a system of forest reconstruction has been developed which is based on knowledge of the potential vegetation of a site, knowledge of the methods of germination and growth of the species which compose the mature vegetation and a method of site preparation and planting. This ecological engineering approach has been used on 285 sites, in a variety of habitats, to form dense stands of vegetation to hide industrial complexes, control visual, noise and chemical pollution, stabilize soil and beaches and provide urban green space. The technique has also been used to restore tropical rain forest.

Mortberg, U. and Wallentinus, H. G. 2000. Red-listed forest bird species in an urban environment - assessment of green space corridors. Landscape and Urban Planning 50(4): 215-226.
red-listed forest birds; greenways; greenbelt; green space
corridors; urban; suburban; planning
habitat fragmentation; black woodpecker; landscape;
consequences; gis
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BOLGER DT, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P406
BOTKIN DB, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P3
COLLINGE SK, 1996, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V36, P59
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SVENSSON S, 1999, SWIDISH BIRD ATLAS
SWETNAM RD, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V41, P3
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348AR
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
The aim of this work was to investigate if the forest remnants of the city and the system of green space corridors could support target species for conservation, in the form of red- listed forest bird species, to show through the presence of the target species what habitat qualities are still possible near cities, and to reveal those features and properties of the landscape structure that were important in this sense. The findings could be used for developing guidelines for design of urban green space corridors. A spatial analysis was performed, covering the landscape in the study area and 67 sample sites with natural vegetation, within and outside of the green space corridors. Breeding forest birds were recorded and breeding of target species in the sample sites as functions of landscape descriptors was tested using logistic regression. Seven red- listed forest bird species were found breeding in the sample sites. Considering them as indicators of habitat qualities, the results would imply that the qualities of the urban and suburban forests were due to a vast range of deciduous forest, especially broad-leaved, and possibly also to a lower intensity of forestry than in rural areas, resulting in a sufficient number of mature and decaying trees. The logistic regression models showed that important properties of remnants of natural vegetation were large areas of forest on rich soils, together with connectivity in the form of amounts of this habitat in the landscape. These properties were associated with the green space corridors. Implications for the design of urban green space corridors would be to treat mature and decaying trees and patches of moist deciduous forest as a resource for vulnerable species, and to conserve large areas of natural vegetation together with a network of important habitats in the whole landscape, in this case forest on rich soils, also in built-up areas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Mullauer-Seichter, W. 2001. The use of urban green space: Between private and public, aesthetic and economic gain. La-Casa-de-Campo, park of Madrid. Revista De Dialectologia Y Tradiciones Populares 56(1): 163-181.
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The author analyzes the perception of public open green areas in Madrid. Through the study of the 'Casa de Campo' park, she aims to show how this green area has been used in different ways. The Casa de Campo has both an aesthetic and economic purpose. In Northern Europe, open areas such a this one are often places which people use for contemplation and solitude; in contrast, in Southern Europe people tend to utilize these parks aas meeting arenas for socializing.

Murphy, M. T. 2001. Source-sink dynamics of a declining Eastern Kingbird population and the value of sink habitats. Conservation Biology 15(3): 737-748.
reproductive success; balanced dispersal; capture-recapture;
migratory birds; metapopulation; demography; viability; models;
fragmentation; environments
Cited Reference Count: 56
Cited References:
1997, CENSUS AGR NATL STAT
ALERICH CL, 1995, RESOURCE B
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BLONDEL J, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V6, P213
BROWNIE C, 1993, BIOMETRICS, V49, P1173
CADE TJ, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P21
CLOBERT J, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P75
CONROY MJ, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P17
CROXALL JP, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P272
DIFFENDORFER JE, 1998, OIKOS, V81, P417
DOAK DF, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1370
DONCASTER CP, 1997, AM NAT, V150, P425
DONOVAN TM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1380
DONOVAN TM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1396
GAONA P, 1998, ECOL MONOGR, V68, P349
HAGAN JM, 1993, AUK, V110, P863
HARRIS MP, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P230
HARRISON S, 1991, BIOL J LINN SOC, V42, P73
HATCHWELL BJ, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P1114
HOLMES RT, 1996, J ANIM ECOL, V65, P183
HOWE RW, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V57, P239
JORGENSEN SE, 1994, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGI
LACK D, 1966, POPULATION STUDIES B
LANDE R, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P566
LEBRETON JD, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P105
LEBRETON JD, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P67
LITVAITIS JA, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P866
LOERY G, 1997, AUK, V114, P431
MCCOY TD, 1999, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V63, P530
MCPEEK MA, 1992, AM NAT, V140, P1010
MUMME RL, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P501
MURPHY DD, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P3
MURPHY MT, 1997, AM MIDL NAT, V138, P344
MURPHY MT, 1996, BIRDS N AM, P1
MURPHY MT, 1996, CONDOR, V98, P83
MURPHY MT, 2000, ECOL MONOGR, V70, P1
MURPHY MT, 2001, IN PRESS ECOLOGY
PEARSON DL, 1980, MIGRANT BIRDS NEOTRO, P273
PETERSON S, 1993, STELLA 2 TECHNICAL D
POLLOCK KH, 1990, WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS, V107
PULLIAM HR, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P652
PULLIAM HR, 1994, B ECOLOGICAL SOC SEP, P141
PULLIAM RH, 1991, AM NAT, V137, PS51
PURCELL KL, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P442
REED JM, 1998, WILDLIFE SOC B, V26, P244
ROBINSON SK, 1995, SCIENCE, V267, P1987
ROGERS CM, 1997, CONDOR, V99, P622
SAETHER BE, 1998, AM NAT, V151, P441
SAETHER BE, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P628
STACEY PB, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P18
THOMAS CD, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P647
WATKINSON AR, 1995, J ANIM ECOL, V64, P126
WIENS JA, 1996, METAPOPULATIONS WILD, P53
WOOLFENDEN GE, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P542
WOOTTON JT, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P307
441HY
CONSERV BIOL
I developed a demographic model for species inhabiting a mosaic of habitats of varying quality and among which dispersal was limited only by territorial behavior I used the model to describe an ongoing decline of an Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) population breeding in the Charlotte Valley of central New York and to explore the possibility that the population utilized a network of source-sink habitats Population size declined in upland and floodplain habitats between 1989 and 1999, but remained stable along a riparian zone (the "creek"). Population size after 10 years was predicted accurately when I used the empirically observed habitat-specific rates of adult survival, productivity and adult dispersal among habitats and assumed a 5% rate of immigration into the upland. Simulation of the effect of density-dependent variation in reproductive, success or a small increase in adult survival in all habitats failed to improve the model's predictive ability. The model indicated that none of the subpopulations teas self-sustaining over 50 years and that population decline was driven by declining adult survival. Further analyses, however, showed that small increases in adult survival along the creek! changed the creek habitat into a source and reversed population trends. Simulation of realistic rates of habitat loss as a result of forest maturation did not affect predicted population size at 50 years, but, assuming that the area of pasture and grazed lands continues to decline at current rates, the king bird population is predicted to become extinct locally within 40 years. Riparian zones appear to be source habitats for kingbirds and should be targeted for protection. Sink habitats were also important because in every year most of the king bird population bred on the floodplain or in the upland and many floodplain birds later dispersed to the creek. Preservation of open space is thus critical for maintenance of kingbird populations in eastern North America.

Nelson, A. C. 1992. Preserving Prime Farmland in the Face of Urbanization - Lessons from Oregon. Journal of the American Planning Association 58(4): 467-488.
agricultural protection program; residential land market; open
space protection; urban-growth; use act; policy; greenbelt
Cited Reference Count: 84
Cited References:
*LAND CONS DEV COM, 1986, OR LANDS
*LAND CONS DEV COM, 1989, REP OR LEG
*LAND CONS DEV COM, 1990, STAT PLANN GOALS GUI
*PAC MER RES, 1991, AN REL RES DWELL PAR
*REAL EST RES CORP, 1974, COSTS SPRAWL
*USDA, 1985, 1982 CENS AGR
*USDA, 1990, 1987 CENS AGR
*USDA, 1981, NAT AGR LANDS STUD
ARCHER RW, 1977, 48TH ANZAAS C MELB
BAHL RW, 1968, J REGIONAL SCI, V8
BERRY D, 1978, GROWTH CHANGE, V9, P2
BERRY D, 1978, POLICY SCI, V9, P153
BERRY D, 1976, REGINAL SCI RES I DI, V92
BERRY D, 1976, REGIONAL SCI RES I D, V88
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BUTTEL FH, 1982, GEOJOURNAL, V6, P293
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CORRELL MR, 1978, LAND ECON, V54, P207
COUGHLIN R, 1984, EVALUATION EFFECT FA
CURRIER BA, 1978, U FLORIDA LAW REV, V30, P821
DANIELS TL, 1986, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V52, P22
DANIELS TL, 1990, J RURAL STUD, V6, P331
DANIELS TL, 1986, J RURAL STUD, V2, P31
DAVIS JS, 1990, COMMUTING PATTERNS E
DAVIS JS, IN PRESS J AM PLANNI
FORKENBROCK DJ, 1983, POLICY STUD J, V11, P25
FRANK JE, 1989, COSTS ALTERNATIVE DE
FULLER AM, 1975, 1ST P RUR GEOGR S ON
FURUSETH OJ, 1982, AGR LAND URBAN SOC
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NELSON AC, 1990, URBLAN LAND
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ROSE JG, 1984, NAT RESOUR J, V24, P591
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SOLOMON B, 1984, LAND USE POLICY OCT, P357
VINING DR, 1977, INT REGIONAL SIC REV, V2
VINING DR, 1977, REGIONAL SCI RES I D, V99
VOLKMAN NJ, 1987, LAND USE POLICY, V4, P14
ZEIMETZ KA, 1976, USDA325 EC RES ERV A
JU808
J AMER PLANN ASSN
This article combines theory and a literature review with empirical and descriptive findings to demonstrate that Oregon's mix of policies is effective in preserving prime farmland in the face of urbanization. Exclusive farm use zones preserve farmland for farming; urban growth boundaries limit urban sprawl; exurban districts accommodate the demand for rural residential development without harming commercial farm operations; farm tax deferral and right-to-farm laws create incentives for farmers to keep farming; and comprehensive plans legitimize the entire package. This article proposes a comprehensive scheme for farmland preservation that expands on the experience of Oregon, including its mistakes.

Nilsson-Christern thinking about how our research can be used and about the policy choices that influence the patches we hope to study.,&Banks, J. C.
Brack, C. L.
James, R. N. 1999f_Modelling changes in dimensions, health status, and arboricultural implications for urban treesUrban Ecosystems
335-43.'urban forests, ecological functionalitylfThis article appears to provide a good example of how urban trees have been studied and characterized.$Botkin, D. B.
Beveridge, C. E. 1997Cities as environmentsUrban Ecosystems
1a 3-19"urban ecology, urban forests¨
¡
This article is the introduction to the journal Urban Ecosystems. It defines the themes that have characterized discussions about cities being considered as ecosystems themselves, including the beauty of natural parks, urban demographics, specific trends in city planning, and the idea of cities being considered as habitat. Los Angeles is described as a case study to demonstrate specific arguments of the authors.o4-Bramston, Paul
Pretty, Grace
Chipuer, Heather 2002haUnravelling subjective quality of life: an investigation of individual and community determinantsa Social Indicators Research59261-274social functionalityvpThis article appears to be one that will be very helpful in thinking about our measures of social functionality.*$Brown, Barbara B.
Cropper, Vivian L. 2001^WNew urban and standard suburban subdivisions: evaluating psychological and social goalss2,Journal of the American Planning Association67
4APA JournalrlNew Urbanist,, subdivision, Salt Lake City, sense of community, neighborliness, social functionality, surveyPIMay be good to look at survey methods for measuring social functionality.
& Calthorpe, Peter
Fulton, William 2001Regionalism and SprawlWashington, D. C.Island Press 302HT 392 C28 2001*#sprawl, regionalism, design, policyf

It is interesting in that the first chapter discusses the economic region, the social region, and the ecological region - but not related to forest functionality directly. Provides a brief history of Seattle growth (1970's - present). Plate of Issaquah Highlands.':4Christakopoulou, Sophia
Dawson, Jon
Gari, Aikaterini 2001xrThe community well-being questionnaire: theoretical context and initial assessment of its reliability and validity Social Indicators Research56321-351*$social functionality, survey methodsª¤The article appears to apply directly to our task of assessing social functionality both in terms of defining social function and designing a method of measurement.<5Correll, Mark R.
Lillydahl, Jane H.
Singell, Larry D.e 1978tnThe effects of greenbelts on residential property values: some findings on the political economy of open spaceLand Economics54
2207-217>7hedonic price model, open space, economic functionalityeP
I
This paper assesses the economic effects of greenbelts in Boulder, CO, through hedonic price modeling. The research indicates that while there is a statistically significant, negative correlation between distance and residential housing price, there is no relationship between housing price and view of the Great Boulder Valley.oCostanza, Robert 2000:4Social goals and the valuation of ecosystem services Ecosystems
3
1 4-100*economic valuation, economic functionalityx
r
The author provides a general assessment of the implicit approach used under the current economic system to evaluate ecosystem services, in the light of the efficiency of tradeoffs and choices. He proposes an alternative ethical standard, which incorporates ecological sustainability, social fairness, and economic efficiency in decisions made about natural resources.~wDale, V. H.
Brown, S.
Haeuber, R. A.
Hobbs, N. T.
Huntly, N.
Naiman, R. J.
Riebsame, W. E.
Turner, M. G.
Valone, T. J.e 2000LEEcological principles and guidelines for managing the use of the landEcological Applications10
3639-670àÚconservation, distrubance, ecological processes, ecosystem function, environmental policy, keystone species. land management, land use, ecological principles, landscape, nonnative species, planning, settlement patterns@9De Wet, Andrew P.
Richardson, Jonathan
Olympia, Catherinel 1998\UInteractions of land-use history and current ecology in a recovering "urban wildland"\Urban Ecosystems
2²237-262urban ecosystemd
]
This paper describes the land use history and the ecology of a former industrial site in Lancaster County, PA, that is recovering from ecological impacts. It does briefly address the implications of conversion to green space / recreational uses, but is more of a descriptive article than a broader discussion of the implications of land conversion.Diener, Ed
Suh, Eunkook  1997LFMeasuring quality of life: economic, social, and subjective indicators Social Indicators Research40189-21681Dovciak, Martin
Frelich, Lee E.
Reich, Peter B.e 2001piDiscordance in spatial patterns of white pine (Pinus strobus) size-classes in a patchy near-boreal foresteThe Journal of Ecology89
2f 280}Dow, Kirstin 200082Social dimensions of gradients in urban ecosystemsUrban Ecosystems
4r255-275crlurban ecosystem, gradient, environmental history, urbanization, urban gradient, social functionality, theory*#This article addresses the need to include social dimensions in landscape-ecology style studies of urban ecosystems. The author introduces three social dimensions that should be added to characteristics defining urban gradients: 1) land use, 2) land management effort, 3) historical context. It has a nice discussion/table illustrating historical social changes/happenings affecting urban ecology. The article is a nice discussion of gradient related social issues but does not really meet our current needs/ thoughts on 'social functionality'.fEhrenfeld, Joanh 20002+Evaluating wetlands within an urban context0Urban Ecosystems
4o69-85v>7”/:*´=p
1pì82Erickson, Donna L
Ryan, Robert L
De Young, Raymond 2002tnWoodlots in the rural landscape: landowner motivations and management attitudes in a Michigan (USA) case study"Landscape and Urban Planning58101-112tHAsocial functionality, social survey methods, social functionalityu´­This study seeks to explain and understand what is important to and motivates landowners of rural, non-industrial private forests (NIPFs). The amount of forest in the Michigan study areas is increasing, mainly because of a change in who is buying these lands. A mail-survey is used to assess the motivations behind ownership of these NIPFs. Results indicated that aesthetic reasons and environmental protection ranked highest among landowner reasons for retaining forest on their lands, economic benefits ranked 3rd. 'Wildlife habitat' and 'add beauty' were the highest rated individual items. While the overall trend was the same for both groups (1.aesthetic/2.environmental protection/3.economic) farmers rated economic reasons higher than non-farmers. The survey also explored owners views, effortsand knowledge about management of these areas. It is another good social survey source both in terms of examples of results/questions and for refs and methods of developing survey; also interesting for results--ranking of motivations, but may be very different in an area closer to lg city (or in the study site in 20yrs). It also highlight benefits/importance of private forest patches.nEwing, R. H. 1994HBCharacteristics, causes and effects of sprawl: a literature review$Environmental and Urban IssuesWinter 1994b 1-15*$Sprawl, review, social functionality 
�
The physical characteristics, causes, and effects of sprawl must b understood before sprawl acan be effectively regulated. Relying on the literature in the field, this paper provides a conceptual framework against which DCA's proposed sprawl rule can be judged an upon which the final rule can rest. Review includes 'costs of sprawl' references including 'psychic costs' which relate to social functionalitye4-Filion, Pierre
Bunting, Trudi
Warriner, Keith 1999piThe entrenchment of urban dispersion: residential preferences and location patterns in the dispersed city
Urban Studiesÿ36
8ÿ 1317-1347ÿ$sprawl, theoretical frameworkmhaThis article may aid us in defining our gradient and understanding the pattern of forest patches.o@:Geoghegan, Jacqueline
Wainger, Lisa A.
Bockstael, Nancy E. 1997b\Spatial landscape indices in a hedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GISEcological Economics23
3l251-2649>7hedonic price model, open space, economic functionalityt��This paper presents a hedonic price model for residential property in the Washington DC area. The researchers used spatial data from a GIS datavase to develop landscape indices to include in this mode, specifically the diversity and fragmentation indices within a 0.1 and 1.0 km radius. The analysis indicates that within a 0.1 km radius, the effect of percentage open space is significant and positive, but within a 1.0 km radius, the effect is significant and negative. The authors suggest that the latter effect is due to the absence of urban services. In the larger buffer, forestry and agricultural uses also tend to decrease propert values.Geoghegan, Jacquelinec 200260The value of open spaces in residential land useLand Use Policyn1991-98t@9hedonic price model, open space, ecological functionalitytH
A
This article presents a hedonic price model for Howard County, MD, to demonstrate the differences in the effects of "permanent" and "developable" open space. The results show that the effects of "permanent" open space on property values are approximately three times greater than the effects of "developable" open space.t$Germann-Chiari, C.
Seeland, K. 2003´®Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research"Forest Policy and Economics ��Social integration, urban green spaces, urban forestry, geographical information system (GIS), census, social functionality, methodm("The objective of this ongoing research is to analyse the social potential of urban green spaces to create opportunities to integrate youths, elderly people, foreigners, unemployed and other social groups into the urban life of large Swiss agglomerations. Urban green-space data are linked with social demographic datat for these particular social groups. Three large cities in the different language regions of Switzerland have been selected for a comparative study: Geneva (French-speaking), Lugano(Italian-speaking) and Zurich (German-speaking). The green-space data derived from vector25, the digital landscape model in a vector format of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography, and the social demographic data from the 1990 Swiss census are compiled for further processing with the geographical information systems ArcInfo and ArcView. In this way, a contribution to the development of a GIS-based research methodology is made. The goal of this approach is to obtain a highly aggregated planning tool for urban forestry and green-space development.�{Abstract only, article in press. Method of integrating census data with urban green space data should be worth looking at.*$Goulder, Lawrence H.
Kennedy, DonaldLEValuing ecosystem services: philosophical bases and empirical methods ask Marina23-47*$Grove, J Morgan
Burch, William R, Jr 1997voA social ecology approach and applications of urban and landscape analyses: a case study of Baltimore, MarylandUrban Ecosystems
1 259-275n$theory, theoretical framework B;A good account of the history of 'urban ecology' and how its roots began at the same time as plant and animal ecology but was primarily viewed apart from it 'human ecology'. Authors now stress move back to this linkage but considering humans as one would any other social creature. Case is made that neither strict 'ecology' approaches nor straight sociological approaches are adequate to answer urban ecology questions, a middle-ground or combination of the two are needed. One example question is very similar to our research interests. The article is a good source for theory and background sort of a justification/history of urban ecology approach. As mentioned above, one of their example ?s is very close to what we are trying to do. They also provide examples of how different info can be meshed together using gis (nothing earth shattering); my favorite quote: 'However, a common confusion among many life scientists who do not study people or other social species is that measurements of human communities are difficult if not impossible....' so take heart DAJA! 5�
ô
°
*@¸¬?î>\
ª
*$Guntenspergen, G R
Levenson, James B 1997f`Understory plant species composition in remnant stands along an urban-to-rural land-use gradientUrban Ecosystems
1155-169NHgradient, urban gradient, ecological functionality, vegetative community”�The article appears to be very applicable to our study in terms of vegetation in remnant forest patches as well as the use of urban gradient.xqHarwell, Chirstine C.
Deren, Christopher W.
Snyder, George H.
Soliecki, William D.
Wilson, James
Harwell, Mark A.g 1999��Use of a conceptual model of societal drivers of ecological change in South Florida: Implications of an ecosystem management scenarioÿUrban Ecosystems
3ÿ345-358ÿvohuman-dominated ecosystem, conceptual model, restoration scenarios, societal implications, social functionalityª£This is really an article that only peripherally applied to our project. It breaks societal factors down into ownership, use and control of resources, and policy. Societal drivers are another category that includs values, technology, economy, population, and institutions. A third category is 'quality of life' that deals with access, income, employment, and the willingness of the public to live in a 'low impact' manner. The article is really aimed at the assessment of restoration efforts and potential in Florida. Therefore, the aim of the study differs from ours. The value comes in the way in which the factors affecting restoration are organized and identified. PJHepinstall, Jeffrey A.
Marzluff, John M.
Handcock, Mark S.
Hurvitz, Philip 2003�{Incorporating resource utilization distributions into the study of resource selection: dealing with spatial autocorrelationÿDraftÿÌÆhabitat selection, habitat use, kernel, multiple regression, resource selection, resource utilization function, Stellar's jay, spatial autocorrelation, utilization distribution, spatial data
methods82It examines and raises issues we willl have to deal with in terms of the spatial nature of our data. The article assumes a large amount of knowledge in terms of typically utilized methodologies for manipulating and understanding spatial data. We will likely be better served just talking to Jeff. An additional 'take home' message of the article is that the quality of an estimation is truly reflective of the quality of data on which it is based. As obvious as it seems, it is a good thing to keep in mind when you begin using data in more abstract manners.$Hostetler, Mark
Holling, C. S. 2000RLDetecting the scales at which birds respond to structure in urban landscapesUrban Ecosystems
425-54("Hostetler, Mark
Knowles-Yanez, Kim 2002NHLand use, scale, and bird distributions in the Phoenix metropolitan area"Landscape and Urban Planning 936f 1-14(!Innes, Judith E.
Booher, David E.o 1999TNMetropolitan development as a complex system: A new approach to sustainability$Economic Develpoment Quarterly13
2141-156vpurban development, sustainable development, land use, metropolitan areas, theoretical framework, complex systemsÔÍIt provides a general description of complex systems and argues that complexity theory is an appropriate framework within which to examine urban systems. " a conception of the social, political, and economic world as a complex, self-organizing, adaptive system, parallel to those being identified in the physical and biological sciences, .." California is used as an illustration of the complexity of urban systems and to illustrate the limitations of current/past approaches. It includes a limited literature review. The article ultimately takes a final step arguing that complex systems provide new insights to sustainability. The application of the framework is broken into 3 parts: indicators (system indicators, performance measures, rapid feedback), consensus building, and leadership. The application ideals are just that, Ideal. While good points are brought up, they are not terribly practical. Other articles may be better descriptions of complex systems.t("Iverson, Louis R
Cook, Elizabeth A 2000`YUrban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and incometUrban Ecosystems
4\105-124SB<economic functionality, social functionality, remote sensing(!This paper describes efforts to use LandSat Thematic Mapper data to identify landcover classes. Landcover for the greater Chicago area is then inventoried, paying particular attention to urban vegetation. Methods for classifying and utilizing LandSat TM data are described. Also discusses the successes of forest preserve systems for retaining forests in highly urbanized, high density communities. Also correlate landcover data with household number and income data, nothing shocking found--i.e. amount of forestland inversely related to number of households. Overall, it is a good remote sensing method paper and example of the type of work we might need to do. Findings of interest or relevant to our study include that wealthy regions had higher tree cover while poorer had lower tree cover.sJohansson, Stens 2002HAConceptualizing and measuring quality of life for national policy Social Indicators Research5813-32social functionalityVPThis appears to be useful for thinking about and measuring social functionality.Johnson, D. Gale 2002TMThe declining importance of natural resources: lessons from agricultural land$Resource and Energy Economics24157-171Jokimäki, Jukka 1999ngOccurrence of breeding bird species in urban parks: Effects of park structure and broad-scale variablesiUrban Ecosystems
3a21-34ecological functionality

This article appears to apply directly to our potential use of birds to characterize the ecological functionality of forest patches/green space. Even if we choose to use a measure other than birds, the article should be helpful in thinking about the structure of green spaces.i4.Jorgensen, Anna
Hitchmough, James
Calvert, Tig 2002TNWoodland spaces and edges: their impact on perception of safety and preference"Landscape and Urban Planning60135-150f"social functionality, safety��This article speaks directly to some of the issues we have been thinking about as social functionality such as preceived vs. real safety issues.Kaplan, Stephen 1995>8The urban forest as a source of psychological well-being Bradley, Gordon A.JCUrban Forest Landscapes: integrating multidisciplinary perspectivesSeattlei$University of Washington Press100-108SB 436 U7 19950*Urban forest, social functionality, review�|This is good for a conceptual and empirical review, it is not original research nor does it describe methods but has references that presumably would. Attributes 'mental fatigue' to 'directed attention' (takes effort, controlled, can fatigue) as opposed to 'fascination' (effortless, somewhat involuntary, relieves fatigue). 'Restorative environments' are outlets for fascination (via content and/or process) - does not have to be an enjoyable experience. Cofactors are 'being away', compatability (of environment with purpose or individual preferences) and 'other worldliness'. Review of empirical studies mentions work in hospitals, prisons, home and work, plus a community garden study and a 'outdoor challenge program' (wilderness study). Response to restorative environment included improved proofreading and (in cancer patients) improved attention, initiative, and quality-of-life. ¼G&F�¤À0�b<âTyrväinen, Liisa 1997ZSThe amenity value of the urban forest: an application of the hedonic pricing methodb"Landscape and Urban Planning37211-222ZTeconomics, hedonic price model, urban forest, forest patches, economic functionalityÔ
Î
This article uses apartment sales data from Joensuu, Finland, in a hedonic price model to define the economic benefits dervied from the non-consumptive use of urban forests. The analysis indicates that the quality of natural areas can significantly affect prices. This includes proximity to wooded recreational areas and increasing proportions of forested area within a neighbourhood. The effect of small forested parks in a neighbourhood is unclear, however.& Tyrväinen, Liisa
Väänänen, Hannu 1998f_The economic value of urban forest amenities: an application of the contingent valuation method,"Landscape and Urban Planning43105-118 \Veconomics, contingent valuation, urban forests, forest patches, economic functionality This article assesses the benefits of urban forests in Joensuu, Finland, with the use of the contingent valuation method (CVM). Issues regarding the use of surveys to identify preferences and willingness to pay are discussed. The research concludes that while willingness to pay changes with season, area and location, residents are willing to pay for the use of forests, and are also willing to pay to prevent the conversion of forests to other uses. This may differ, however, based on environment and cultural values.(!Tyrväinen, Liisa
Miettinen, Anttie 20000*Property prices and urban forest amenities81Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,39205-223B;hedonic price model, forest patches, economic functionalityln
g
This study implicitly values the amenity of urban forests in the district of Salo, Finland, with the use of a hedonic regression model. The results suggest that a one kilometer increase in distance from an urban forest results in a 5.9 percent decrease in the sale value of the house, and that dwellings in the area with a view are about 4.9% more expensive.i2+Wickham, J. D.,
O'Neill, R. V.,
Jones K. B.n 20004-Forest fragmentation as an economic indicatorLandscape Ecology15171-179��economic geography, geographic information systems (GIS), land-cover change, land use modeling, urban gradient, economic functionality`ZGeographic gradient of urbanization pressure, or demand for land, was calculated using splining based on "distance-decay" and "retail gravity" theory. Basically they built a surface map of urbanization pressure based on the population:distance ratio from multiple urban centers. This gradient was 'moderately' correlated with forest fragmentation (grid analysis) and 'strongly' correlated with land-cover change (NDVI). They speculate that forest pattern was also influenced by local and historical factors (unexplained variation). The building of a geographic gradient might be a useful technique.Wilhelmsson, MatsP 2000HAThe impact of traffic noise on the values of single-family housest60Journal of Environmental Planning and Management43
6799-81560Wilson, John D
Kohlhase, Janet E
Strawn, Sabrina 19996/Quality of life and comparative risk in HoustonUrban Ecosystems
3113-129t"Wu, Jianguo
Loucks, Orie L.l 1995XRFrom balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology&The Quarterly Review of Biologyc70
4439-466ÿDecember60patch dynamics, hierarchy, theoretical framework�|This provides a good review of complex systems theory. It takes the ideas further than Innes adn Booher (1999), in that it adds the concepts of hierarchy and patch dynamics. The argument is made that complex systems are hierarchically orbanized. This leads to two key points: (1) a focal level can be defined; and (2) once a focal level is defined the relevance of other time/space processes can be determined. Another strenght of this article is the fact that the theory is applied as part of the Pheonix LTER. It explains how the theory is used to build and relate models and how patch hierarhcies are defined and scales changed. Wu, Jianguo
David, John L. 2002pjA spatially explicit hierarchical approach to modeling complex ecological systems: theory and applicationsEcological Modelling 153 7-26¨¡complex systems modeling, hierarchical patch dynamics, hierarchical modeling, scaling, urban landscape ecology, theoretical framework, complex systems, hierarchye´­Read: Adrienne
This article provides a good review of complex systems theory. It takes the ideas further than Innes and Booher (1999), in that it adds the concepts of hierarchy and patch dynamics. The argument is made that complex systems are hierarchically organized. This leads to two key points: (1) a focal level can be defined; and (2) once a focal level is defined the relevance of other time/space scale processes can be determined. Another strength of this article is the fact that the theory is applied as part of current research in the Phoenix LTER. It explains how the theory is used to build and relate models and how patch hierarchies are defined and scales changed. RLZipperer, Wayne C.
Sisinni, Susan M.
Pouyat, Richard V.
Foresman, Timothy W. 19972+Urban tree cover: an ecological perspectiveUrban Ecosystems
1229-246Michael L. Morrison, B. G. M. R. W. M., Ed. (1998). Wildlife-habitat relationships : concepts & applications.
Provides a broad but advanced understanding of habitat relationships applicable to terrrestrial species. Also includes ccoverage of spatial analysis, landscape ecology, animal populations and their quantification, behavioral studies. Covers the growing field of landscape ecology, including habtiat heterogeneity and responses of wildlife on habitat

Midgley, G. and Ochoa-Arias, A. E. 1999. Visions of community for community OR. Omega-International Journal of Management Science 27(2): 259-274.
community operational research; critical management science;
community; politics; historical investigation; participative
democracy
operational-research; subsidiarity; liberalism; systems; state
Cited Reference Count: 126
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FOWLER RB, 1991, DANCE COMMUNITY CONT
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The purpose of this paper is to open space for a debate about normative visions of community and their implications for community OR. It is argued that, if practitioners do not reflect on the different visions that it is possible to promote, then there is a danger that they will default to the understanding of community that is implicit in the liberal/capitalist tradition currently dominant in the West (and increasingly most of the rest of the world). Some may be happy with this, but for those who wish to consider the value of alternative political traditions, there is a need for explicit reflection on the different possible meanings of the term 'community'. To clarify some of the choices available to community OR practitioners, three major political traditions are reviewed (liberalism, Marxism and communitarianism), as well as sub-divisions of these, and the paper asks: what kind of community OR practice would support each one? In all, eight different (sometimes overlapping) forms of community OR practice are identified, each of which is capable of promoting a different normative vision of community. There are therefore substantial political choices open to those involved ire community OR. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Milat, A. J., Stubbs, J., Engelhard, S., Weston, P., Giles-Corti, B. and Fitzgerald, S. 2002. Measuring physical activity in public open space - an electronic device versus direct observation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26(1): 50-51.
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Cited References:
BOOTH M, 1996, THESIS U SYDNEY SYDN
ENGELHARD S, 2001, AUST NZ J PUBL HEAL, V25, P149
MINERS A, 1999, ILLAWARRA PHYSICAL A
PATTERSON TL, 1988, J BEHAV MED, V11, P447
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SALLIS JF, 1997, C PAP COOP I AER RES
SALLIS JF, 1999, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BE
523XV
AUST N Z PUBL HEALTH
Objective: To evaluate the practicality and validity of using infra-red beam counters (IRBCs) to measure walking path use and overall park use. Method: Direct observation was carried out simultaneously with IRBC data collection in five parks on seven non-consecutive days during February-March in 1998 and on matched days in 1999. A second validation study was undertaken in one park in October 1999. Results: The IRBC over-estimated the observed number of people using walking paths by 14% to 78%. When assessed by path volume, the difference between the IRBC and observer ranged from 10% under-estimation to 16% over- estimation. In a more rigorous evaluation of path volume the IRBC under-estimated the observed count by 20%. The extent to which the IRBC equated with the number of observed park users varied from 69% underestimation to no difference, Conclusion: IRBCs are not appropriate for measuring the number of people engaging in physical activity in parks, Implications: IRBCs cannot replace direct observation for the collection of valid data on physical activity participation in parks. Further research is needed to determine settings in which electronic devices such as IRBCs may provide valid data on physical activity participation.

Miller, J. R. and Hobbs, N. T. 2000. Recreational trails, human activity, and nest predation in lowland riparian areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 50(4): 227-236.
birds; trail; predation
artificial nests; quail eggs; forest fragmentation; national-
park; house wrens; birds; corridors; habitat; edge; behavior
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LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
In areas of human settlement, greenways and open-space land are often intended to serve recreational purposes as well as provide wildlife habitat, but the compatibility of these goals is uncertain. We examined the effect of recreational trails on the risk of nest predation and nest predator activity at four lowland riparian sites along the Front Range of Colorado. At one site on each of two streams, we placed a transect of artificial nests near a recreational trail and another transect on the opposite side of the stream, We also placed another transect of nests at a second site on each stream that was not associated with a recreational trail. In 1995, nests were baited with quail eggs; in 1996 a clay egg was also added to nests to aid us in nest predator identification. Artificial nests are not perfect surrogates for natural nests, but are useful in generating hypotheses about causes of nest failure and for detecting changes in predator assemblages. Overall, predation rates were high (93%). There were significant differences in vulnerability to predation on the different transect types, with a tendency for predation rates to increase with distance from trails. There was a significant effect of time with a greater risk of predation in 1996. In 1996, 83% of the clay eggs that were recovered showed signs of predation. House Wrens destroyed 11% of the clay eggs; impressions from Black-billed Magpies, Blue Jays, and Common Grackles were found on 69%; mice preyed on 25%; and squirrels on 12% of the eggs. Birds attacked more nests near trails than away from trails, whereas mammals appeared to avoid nests near trails to some extent. These results support the contention that recreational trails and human activity may affect nesting success for some species, and suggest that patterns of nest predation reflect the unique, and sometimes, counter-intuitive responses of individual predator species. Rather than relying on simplistic assumptions about the compatibility of recreation and wildlife, it is important to consider how individual species respond to the habitat alteration and human activity associated with trails when deciding where trails should be located and in developing overall conservation strategies in human-dominated areas. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Miyawaki, A. and Golley, F. B. 1993. Forest Reconstruction as Ecological Engineering. Ecological Engineering 2(4): 333-345.
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MIYAWAKI A, 1978, HDB JAPANESE VEGETAT
MIYAWAKI A, 1985, INT J BIOMETEOROL S1, V29, P197
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MIYAWAKI A, 1977, VEGETATION FAUNA, P87
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MQ006
ECOL ENG
Land restoration involves reconstruction of the native biota in a sustainable form. If reconstruction involves deliberate manipulation of biological organisms and the physical-chemical environment to achieve specific human goals, it qualifies as ecological engineering. Restoration which uses natural processes to achieve endpoints which are unpredictable but can be accepted because they are ''natural'' is not ecological engineering. In Japan a system of forest reconstruction has been developed which is based on knowledge of the potential vegetation of a site, knowledge of the methods of germination and growth of the species which compose the mature vegetation and a method of site preparation and planting. This ecological engineering approach has been used on 285 sites, in a variety of habitats, to form dense stands of vegetation to hide industrial complexes, control visual, noise and chemical pollution, stabilize soil and beaches and provide urban green space. The technique has also been used to restore tropical rain forest.

Mortberg, U. and Wallentinus, H. G. 2000. Red-listed forest bird species in an urban environment - assessment of green space corridors. Landscape and Urban Planning 50(4): 215-226.
red-listed forest birds; greenways; greenbelt; green space
corridors; urban; suburban; planning
habitat fragmentation; black woodpecker; landscape;
consequences; gis
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SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18
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SVENSSON S, 1999, SWIDISH BIRD ATLAS
SWETNAM RD, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V41, P3
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348AR
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
The aim of this work was to investigate if the forest remnants of the city and the system of green space corridors could support target species for conservation, in the form of red- listed forest bird species, to show through the presence of the target species what habitat qualities are still possible near cities, and to reveal those features and properties of the landscape structure that were important in this sense. The findings could be used for developing guidelines for design of urban green space corridors. A spatial analysis was performed, covering the landscape in the study area and 67 sample sites with natural vegetation, within and outside of the green space corridors. Breeding forest birds were recorded and breeding of target species in the sample sites as functions of landscape descriptors was tested using logistic regression. Seven red- listed forest bird species were found breeding in the sample sites. Considering them as indicators of habitat qualities, the results would imply that the qualities of the urban and suburban forests were due to a vast range of deciduous forest, especially broad-leaved, and possibly also to a lower intensity of forestry than in rural areas, resulting in a sufficient number of mature and decaying trees. The logistic regression models showed that important properties of remnants of natural vegetation were large areas of forest on rich soils, together with connectivity in the form of amounts of this habitat in the landscape. These properties were associated with the green space corridors. Implications for the design of urban green space corridors would be to treat mature and decaying trees and patches of moist deciduous forest as a resource for vulnerable species, and to conserve large areas of natural vegetation together with a network of important habitats in the whole landscape, in this case forest on rich soils, also in built-up areas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Mullauer-Seichter, W. 2001. The use of urban green space: Between private and public, aesthetic and economic gain. La-Casa-de-Campo, park of Madrid. Revista De Dialectologia Y Tradiciones Populares 56(1): 163-181.
Cited Reference Count: 19
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BUSTOYDEJADOCAJ.M, 1876, PROYECTO APROVECHAMI
BUXOIREY MJ, 1999, AIRE MITOS RITOS REA
CALDERONDELABAR.P, 1701, LOA COMDEIA 3 PRESTI
CAVANILLES AJ, 1797, OBSERVACIONWS SOBRE
FERNANDEZDELOSR.A, 1876, GUIA MADRID MANUAL M
FRYKMAN J, 1987, CUTLURE BUILDERS HIS
GIMENOPASCUAL AM, 1981, JARDINES CLASICOS MA, P67
JORRETO M, 1901, MONOGRAFIAS ARTISTIC
LARRUGA E, 1787, MEMORIAS POLITICAS E
LIGERDEOXERRE L, 1720, EC CASA DE CAMPO
MADOZ P, 1847, DICC GEOGRAFICO ESTA
NAVASCUES P, 1998, JARDIN NATURALEZA RE
PONZ A, 1772, VIAJE ESPANA CARTAS
RAMIREZARCAS A, 1858, PROYECTO COLEGIO REA
RUBIODIAZ A, 1993, NATURALEZA URBANIZAD
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TOVARMARTIN V, 1990, ARQUITECTURA POPULAR
URTEAGA L, 1987, TIERRA ESQUILMAFA ID
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The author analyzes the perception of public open green areas in Madrid. Through the study of the 'Casa de Campo' park, she aims to show how this green area has been used in different ways. The Casa de Campo has both an aesthetic and economic purpose. In Northern Europe, open areas such a this one are often places which people use for contemplation and solitude; in contrast, in Southern Europe people tend to utilize these parks aas meeting arenas for socializing.

Murphy, M. T. 2001. Source-sink dynamics of a declining Eastern Kingbird population and the value of sink habitats. Conservation Biology 15(3): 737-748.
reproductive success; balanced dispersal; capture-recapture;
migratory birds; metapopulation; demography; viability; models;
fragmentation; environments
Cited Reference Count: 56
Cited References:
1997, CENSUS AGR NATL STAT
ALERICH CL, 1995, RESOURCE B
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BLONDEL J, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V6, P213
BROWNIE C, 1993, BIOMETRICS, V49, P1173
CADE TJ, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P21
CLOBERT J, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P75
CONROY MJ, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P17
CROXALL JP, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P272
DIFFENDORFER JE, 1998, OIKOS, V81, P417
DOAK DF, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1370
DONCASTER CP, 1997, AM NAT, V150, P425
DONOVAN TM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1380
DONOVAN TM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1396
GAONA P, 1998, ECOL MONOGR, V68, P349
HAGAN JM, 1993, AUK, V110, P863
HARRIS MP, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P230
HARRISON S, 1991, BIOL J LINN SOC, V42, P73
HATCHWELL BJ, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P1114
HOLMES RT, 1996, J ANIM ECOL, V65, P183
HOWE RW, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V57, P239
JORGENSEN SE, 1994, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGI
LACK D, 1966, POPULATION STUDIES B
LANDE R, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P566
LEBRETON JD, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P105
LEBRETON JD, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P67
LITVAITIS JA, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P866
LOERY G, 1997, AUK, V114, P431
MCCOY TD, 1999, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V63, P530
MCPEEK MA, 1992, AM NAT, V140, P1010
MUMME RL, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P501
MURPHY DD, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P3
MURPHY MT, 1997, AM MIDL NAT, V138, P344
MURPHY MT, 1996, BIRDS N AM, P1
MURPHY MT, 1996, CONDOR, V98, P83
MURPHY MT, 2000, ECOL MONOGR, V70, P1
MURPHY MT, 2001, IN PRESS ECOLOGY
PEARSON DL, 1980, MIGRANT BIRDS NEOTRO, P273
PETERSON S, 1993, STELLA 2 TECHNICAL D
POLLOCK KH, 1990, WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS, V107
PULLIAM HR, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P652
PULLIAM HR, 1994, B ECOLOGICAL SOC SEP, P141
PULLIAM RH, 1991, AM NAT, V137, PS51
PURCELL KL, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P442
REED JM, 1998, WILDLIFE SOC B, V26, P244
ROBINSON SK, 1995, SCIENCE, V267, P1987
ROGERS CM, 1997, CONDOR, V99, P622
SAETHER BE, 1998, AM NAT, V151, P441
SAETHER BE, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P628
STACEY PB, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P18
THOMAS CD, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P647
WATKINSON AR, 1995, J ANIM ECOL, V64, P126
WIENS JA, 1996, METAPOPULATIONS WILD, P53
WOOLFENDEN GE, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P542
WOOTTON JT, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P307
441HY
CONSERV BIOL
I developed a demographic model for species inhabiting a mosaic of habitats of varying quality and among which dispersal was limited only by territorial behavior I used the model to describe an ongoing decline of an Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) population breeding in the Charlotte Valley of central New York and to explore the possibility that the population utilized a network of source-sink habitats Population size declined in upland and floodplain habitats between 1989 and 1999, but remained stable along a riparian zone (the "creek"). Population size after 10 years was predicted accurately when I used the empirically observed habitat-specific rates of adult survival, productivity and adult dispersal among habitats and assumed a 5% rate of immigration into the upland. Simulation of the effect of density-dependent variation in reproductive, success or a small increase in adult survival in all habitats failed to improve the model's predictive ability. The model indicated that none of the subpopulations teas self-sustaining over 50 years and that population decline was driven by declining adult survival. Further analyses, however, showed that small increases in adult survival along the creek! changed the creek habitat into a source and reversed population trends. Simulation of realistic rates of habitat loss as a result of forest maturation did not affect predicted population size at 50 years, but, assuming that the area of pasture and grazed lands continues to decline at current rates, the king bird population is predicted to become extinct locally within 40 years. Riparian zones appear to be source habitats for kingbirds and should be targeted for protection. Sink habitats were also important because in every year most of the king bird population bred on the floodplain or in the upland and many floodplain birds later dispersed to the creek. Preservation of open space is thus critical for maintenance of kingbird populations in eastern North America.

Nelson, A. C. 1992. Preserving Prime Farmland in the Face of Urbanization - Lessons from Oregon. Journal of the American Planning Association 58(4): 467-488.
agricultural protection program; residential land market; open
space protection; urban-growth; use act; policy; greenbelt
Cited Reference Count: 84
Cited References:
*LAND CONS DEV COM, 1986, OR LANDS
*LAND CONS DEV COM, 1989, REP OR LEG
*LAND CONS DEV COM, 1990, STAT PLANN GOALS GUI
*PAC MER RES, 1991, AN REL RES DWELL PAR
*REAL EST RES CORP, 1974, COSTS SPRAWL
*USDA, 1985, 1982 CENS AGR
*USDA, 1990, 1987 CENS AGR
*USDA, 1981, NAT AGR LANDS STUD
ARCHER RW, 1977, 48TH ANZAAS C MELB
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BERRY D, 1978, POLICY SCI, V9, P153
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BERRY D, 1976, REGIONAL SCI RES I D, V88
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BUTTEL FH, 1982, GEOJOURNAL, V6, P293
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DANIELS TL, 1986, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V52, P22
DANIELS TL, 1990, J RURAL STUD, V6, P331
DANIELS TL, 1986, J RURAL STUD, V2, P31
DAVIS JS, 1990, COMMUTING PATTERNS E
DAVIS JS, IN PRESS J AM PLANNI
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FRANK JE, 1989, COSTS ALTERNATIVE DE
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FURUSETH OJ, 1982, AGR LAND URBAN SOC
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SOLOMON B, 1984, LAND USE POLICY OCT, P357
VINING DR, 1977, INT REGIONAL SIC REV, V2
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JU808
J AMER PLANN ASSN
This article combines theory and a literature review with empirical and descriptive findings to demonstrate that Oregon's mix of policies is effective in preserving prime farmland in the face of urbanization. Exclusive farm use zones preserve farmland for farming; urban growth boundaries limit urban sprawl; exurban districts accommodate the demand for rural residential development without harming commercial farm operations; farm tax deferral and right-to-farm laws create incentives for farmers to keep farming; and comprehensive plans legitimize the entire package. This article proposes a comprehensive scheme for farmland preservation that expands on the experience of Oregon, including its mistakes.

Nilsson-Christer, thinking about how our research can be used and about the policy choices that influence the patches we hope to study.,&Banks, J. C.
Brack, C. L.
James, R. N. 1999f_Modelling changes in dimensions, health status, and arboricultural implications for urban treesUrban Ecosystems
335-43.'urban forests, ecological functionalitylfThis article appears to provide a good example of how urban trees have been studied and characterized.$Botkin, D. B.
Beveridge, C. E. 1997Cities as environmentsUrban Ecosystems
1a 3-19"urban ecology, urban forests¨
¡
This article is the introduction to the journal Urban Ecosystems. It defines the themes that have characterized discussions about cities being considered as ecosystems themselves, including the beauty of natural parks, urban demographics, specific trends in city planning, and the idea of cities being considered as habitat. Los Angeles is described as a case study to demonstrate specific arguments of the authors.o4-Bramston, Paul
Pretty, Grace
Chipuer, Heather 2002haUnravelling subjective quality of life: an investigation of individual and community determinantsa Social Indicators Research59261-274social functionalityvpThis article appears to be one that will be very helpful in thinking about our measures of social functionality.*$Brown, Barbara B.
Cropper, Vivian L. 2001^WNew urban and standard suburban subdivisions: evaluating psychological and social goalss2,Journal of the American Planning Association67
4APA JournalrlNew Urbanist,, subdivision, Salt Lake City, sense of community, neighborliness, social functionality, surveyPIMay be good to look at survey methods for measuring social functionality.
& Calthorpe, Peter
Fulton, William 2001Regionalism and SprawlWashington, D. C.Island Press 302HT 392 C28 2001*#sprawl, regionalism, design, policyf

It is interesting in that the first chapter discusses the economic region, the social region, and the ecological region - but not related to forest functionality directly. Provides a brief history of Seattle growth (1970's - present). Plate of Issaquah Highlands.':4Christakopoulou, Sophia
Dawson, Jon
Gari, Aikaterini 2001xrThe community well-being questionnaire: theoretical context and initial assessment of its reliability and validity Social Indicators Research56321-351*$social functionality, survey methodsª¤The article appears to apply directly to our task of assessing social functionality both in terms of defining social function and designing a method of measurement.<5Correll, Mark R.
Lillydahl, Jane H.
Singell, Larry D.e 1978tnThe effects of greenbelts on residential property values: some findings on the political economy of open spaceLand Economics54
2207-217>7hedonic price model, open space, economic functionalityeP
I
This paper assesses the economic effects of greenbelts in Boulder, CO, through hedonic price modeling. The research indicates that while there is a statistically significant, negative correlation between distance and residential housing price, there is no relationship between housing price and view of the Great Boulder Valley.oCostanza, Robert 2000:4Social goals and the valuation of ecosystem services Ecosystems
3
1 4-100*economic valuation, economic functionalityx
r
The author provides a general assessment of the implicit approach used under the current economic system to evaluate ecosystem services, in the light of the efficiency of tradeoffs and choices. He proposes an alternative ethical standard, which incorporates ecological sustainability, social fairness, and economic efficiency in decisions made about natural resources.~wDale, V. H.
Brown, S.
Haeuber, R. A.
Hobbs, N. T.
Huntly, N.
Naiman, R. J.
Riebsame, W. E.
Turner, M. G.
Valone, T. J.e 2000LEEcological principles and guidelines for managing the use of the landEcological Applications10
3639-670àÚconservation, distrubance, ecological processes, ecosystem function, environmental policy, keystone species. land management, land use, ecological principles, landscape, nonnative species, planning, settlement patterns@9De Wet, Andrew P.
Richardson, Jonathan
Olympia, Catherinel 1998\UInteractions of land-use history and current ecology in a recovering "urban wildland"\Urban Ecosystems
2²237-262urban ecosystemd
]
This paper describes the land use history and the ecology of a former industrial site in Lancaster County, PA, that is recovering from ecological impacts. It does briefly address the implications of conversion to green space / recreational uses, but is more of a descriptive article than a broader discussion of the implications of land conversion.Diener, Ed
Suh, Eunkook  1997LFMeasuring quality of life: economic, social, and subjective indicators Social Indicators Research40189-21681Dovciak, Martin
Frelich, Lee E.
Reich, Peter B.e 2001piDiscordance in spatial patterns of white pine (Pinus strobus) size-classes in a patchy near-boreal foresteThe Journal of Ecology89
2f 280}Dow, Kirstin 200082Social dimensions of gradients in urban ecosystemsUrban Ecosystems
4r255-275crlurban ecosystem, gradient, environmental history, urbanization, urban gradient, social functionality, theory*#This article addresses the need to include social dimensions in landscape-ecology style studies of urban ecosystems. The author introduces three social dimensions that should be added to characteristics defining urban gradients: 1) land use, 2) land management effort, 3) historical context. It has a nice discussion/table illustrating historical social changes/happenings affecting urban ecology. The article is a nice discussion of gradient related social issues but does not really meet our current needs/ thoughts on 'social functionality'.fEhrenfeld, Joanh 20002+Evaluating wetlands within an urban context0Urban Ecosystems
4o69-85v>7”/:*´=p
1pì82Erickson, Donna L
Ryan, Robert L
De Young, Raymond 2002tnWoodlots in the rural landscape: landowner motivations and management attitudes in a Michigan (USA) case study"Landscape and Urban Planning58101-112tHAsocial functionality, social survey methods, social functionalityu´­This study seeks to explain and understand what is important to and motivates landowners of rural, non-industrial private forests (NIPFs). The amount of forest in the Michigan study areas is increasing, mainly because of a change in who is buying these lands. A mail-survey is used to assess the motivations behind ownership of these NIPFs. Results indicated that aesthetic reasons and environmental protection ranked highest among landowner reasons for retaining forest on their lands, economic benefits ranked 3rd. 'Wildlife habitat' and 'add beauty' were the highest rated individual items. While the overall trend was the same for both groups (1.aesthetic/2.environmental protection/3.economic) farmers rated economic reasons higher than non-farmers. The survey also explored owners views, effortsand knowledge about management of these areas. It is another good social survey source both in terms of examples of results/questions and for refs and methods of developing survey; also interesting for results--ranking of motivations, but may be very different in an area closer to lg city (or in the study site in 20yrs). It also highlight benefits/importance of private forest patches.nEwing, R. H. 1994HBCharacteristics, causes and effects of sprawl: a literature review$Environmental and Urban IssuesWinter 1994b 1-15*$Sprawl, review, social functionality 
�
The physical characteristics, causes, and effects of sprawl must b understood before sprawl acan be effectively regulated. Relying on the literature in the field, this paper provides a conceptual framework against which DCA's proposed sprawl rule can be judged an upon which the final rule can rest. Review includes 'costs of sprawl' references including 'psychic costs' which relate to social functionalitye4-Filion, Pierre
Bunting, Trudi
Warriner, Keith 1999piThe entrenchment of urban dispersion: residential preferences and location patterns in the dispersed city
Urban Studiesÿ36
8ÿ 1317-1347ÿ$sprawl, theoretical frameworkmhaThis article may aid us in defining our gradient and understanding the pattern of forest patches.o@:Geoghegan, Jacqueline
Wainger, Lisa A.
Bockstael, Nancy E. 1997b\Spatial landscape indices in a hedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GISEcological Economics23
3l251-2649>7hedonic price model, open space, economic functionalityt��This paper presents a hedonic price model for residential property in the Washington DC area. The researchers used spatial data from a GIS datavase to develop landscape indices to include in this mode, specifically the diversity and fragmentation indices within a 0.1 and 1.0 km radius. The analysis indicates that within a 0.1 km radius, the effect of percentage open space is significant and positive, but within a 1.0 km radius, the effect is significant and negative. The authors suggest that the latter effect is due to the absence of urban services. In the larger buffer, forestry and agricultural uses also tend to decrease propert values.Geoghegan, Jacquelinec 200260The value of open spaces in residential land useLand Use Policyn1991-98t@9hedonic price model, open space, ecological functionalitytH
A
This article presents a hedonic price model for Howard County, MD, to demonstrate the differences in the effects of "permanent" and "developable" open space. The results show that the effects of "permanent" open space on property values are approximately three times greater than the effects of "developable" open space.t$Germann-Chiari, C.
Seeland, K. 2003´®Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research"Forest Policy and Economics ��Social integration, urban green spaces, urban forestry, geographical information system (GIS), census, social functionality, methodm("The objective of this ongoing research is to analyse the social potential of urban green spaces to create opportunities to integrate youths, elderly people, foreigners, unemployed and other social groups into the urban life of large Swiss agglomerations. Urban green-space data are linked with social demographic datat for these particular social groups. Three large cities in the different language regions of Switzerland have been selected for a comparative study: Geneva (French-speaking), Lugano(Italian-speaking) and Zurich (German-speaking). The green-space data derived from vector25, the digital landscape model in a vector format of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography, and the social demographic data from the 1990 Swiss census are compiled for further processing with the geographical information systems ArcInfo and ArcView. In this way, a contribution to the development of a GIS-based research methodology is made. The goal of this approach is to obtain a highly aggregated planning tool for urban forestry and green-space development.�{Abstract only, article in press. Method of integrating census data with urban green space data should be worth looking at.*$Goulder, Lawrence H.
Kennedy, DonaldLEValuing ecosystem services: philosophical bases and empirical methods ask Marina23-47*$Grove, J Morgan
Burch, William R, Jr 1997voA social ecology approach and applications of urban and landscape analyses: a case study of Baltimore, MarylandUrban Ecosystems
1 259-275n$theory, theoretical framework B;A good account of the history of 'urban ecology' and how its roots began at the same time as plant and animal ecology but was primarily viewed apart from it 'human ecology'. Authors now stress move back to this linkage but considering humans as one would any other social creature. Case is made that neither strict 'ecology' approaches nor straight sociological approaches are adequate to answer urban ecology questions, a middle-ground or combination of the two are needed. One example question is very similar to our research interests. The article is a good source for theory and background sort of a justification/history of urban ecology approach. As mentioned above, one of their example ?s is very close to what we are trying to do. They also provide examples of how different info can be meshed together using gis (nothing earth shattering); my favorite quote: 'However, a common confusion among many life scientists who do not study people or other social species is that measurements of human communities are difficult if not impossible....' so take heart DAJA! 5�
ô
°
*@¸¬?î>\
ª
*$Guntenspergen, G R
Levenson, James B 1997f`Understory plant species composition in remnant stands along an urban-to-rural land-use gradientUrban Ecosystems
1155-169NHgradient, urban gradient, ecological functionality, vegetative community”�The article appears to be very applicable to our study in terms of vegetation in remnant forest patches as well as the use of urban gradient.xqHarwell, Chirstine C.
Deren, Christopher W.
Snyder, George H.
Soliecki, William D.
Wilson, James
Harwell, Mark A.g 1999��Use of a conceptual model of societal drivers of ecological change in South Florida: Implications of an ecosystem management scenarioÿUrban Ecosystems
3ÿ345-358ÿvohuman-dominated ecosystem, conceptual model, restoration scenarios, societal implications, social functionalityª£This is really an article that only peripherally applied to our project. It breaks societal factors down into ownership, use and control of resources, and policy. Societal drivers are another category that includs values, technology, economy, population, and institutions. A third category is 'quality of life' that deals with access, income, employment, and the willingness of the public to live in a 'low impact' manner. The article is really aimed at the assessment of restoration efforts and potential in Florida. Therefore, the aim of the study differs from ours. The value comes in the way in which the factors affecting restoration are organized and identified. PJHepinstall, Jeffrey A.
Marzluff, John M.
Handcock, Mark S.
Hurvitz, Philip 2003�{Incorporating resource utilization distributions into the study of resource selection: dealing with spatial autocorrelationÿDraftÿÌÆhabitat selection, habitat use, kernel, multiple regression, resource selection, resource utilization function, Stellar's jay, spatial autocorrelation, utilization distribution, spatial data
methods82It examines and raises issues we willl have to deal with in terms of the spatial nature of our data. The article assumes a large amount of knowledge in terms of typically utilized methodologies for manipulating and understanding spatial data. We will likely be better served just talking to Jeff. An additional 'take home' message of the article is that the quality of an estimation is truly reflective of the quality of data on which it is based. As obvious as it seems, it is a good thing to keep in mind when you begin using data in more abstract manners.$Hostetler, Mark
Holling, C. S. 2000RLDetecting the scales at which birds respond to structure in urban landscapesUrban Ecosystems
425-54("Hostetler, Mark
Knowles-Yanez, Kim 2002NHLand use, scale, and bird distributions in the Phoenix metropolitan area"Landscape and Urban Planning 936f 1-14(!Innes, Judith E.
Booher, David E.o 1999TNMetropolitan development as a complex system: A new approach to sustainability$Economic Develpoment Quarterly13
2141-156vpurban development, sustainable development, land use, metropolitan areas, theoretical framework, complex systemsÔÍIt provides a general description of complex systems and argues that complexity theory is an appropriate framework within which to examine urban systems. " a conception of the social, political, and economic world as a complex, self-organizing, adaptive system, parallel to those being identified in the physical and biological sciences, .." California is used as an illustration of the complexity of urban systems and to illustrate the limitations of current/past approaches. It includes a limited literature review. The article ultimately takes a final step arguing that complex systems provide new insights to sustainability. The application of the framework is broken into 3 parts: indicators (system indicators, performance measures, rapid feedback), consensus building, and leadership. The application ideals are just that, Ideal. While good points are brought up, they are not terribly practical. Other articles may be better descriptions of complex systems.t("Iverson, Louis R
Cook, Elizabeth A 2000`YUrban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and incometUrban Ecosystems
4\105-124SB<economic functionality, social functionality, remote sensing(!This paper describes efforts to use LandSat Thematic Mapper data to identify landcover classes. Landcover for the greater Chicago area is then inventoried, paying particular attention to urban vegetation. Methods for classifying and utilizing LandSat TM data are described. Also discusses the successes of forest preserve systems for retaining forests in highly urbanized, high density communities. Also correlate landcover data with household number and income data, nothing shocking found--i.e. amount of forestland inversely related to number of households. Overall, it is a good remote sensing method paper and example of the type of work we might need to do. Findings of interest or relevant to our study include that wealthy regions had higher tree cover while poorer had lower tree cover.sJohansson, Stens 2002HAConceptualizing and measuring quality of life for national policy Social Indicators Research5813-32social functionalityVPThis appears to be useful for thinking about and measuring social functionality.Johnson, D. Gale 2002TMThe declining importance of natural resources: lessons from agricultural land$Resource and Energy Economics24157-171Jokimäki, Jukka 1999ngOccurrence of breeding bird species in urban parks: Effects of park structure and broad-scale variablesiUrban Ecosystems
3a21-34ecological functionality

This article appears to apply directly to our potential use of birds to characterize the ecological functionality of forest patches/green space. Even if we choose to use a measure other than birds, the article should be helpful in thinking about the structure of green spaces.i4.Jorgensen, Anna
Hitchmough, James
Calvert, Tig 2002TNWoodland spaces and edges: their impact on perception of safety and preference"Landscape and Urban Planning60135-150f"social functionality, safety��This article speaks directly to some of the issues we have been thinking about as social functionality such as preceived vs. real safety issues.Kaplan, Stephen 1995>8The urban forest as a source of psychological well-being Bradley, Gordon A.JCUrban Forest Landscapes: integrating multidisciplinary perspectivesSeattlei$University of Washington Press100-108SB 436 U7 19950*Urban forest, social functionality, review�|This is good for a conceptual and empirical review, it is not original research nor does it describe methods but has references that presumably would. Attributes 'mental fatigue' to 'directed attention' (takes effort, controlled, can fatigue) as opposed to 'fascination' (effortless, somewhat involuntary, relieves fatigue). 'Restorative environments' are outlets for fascination (via content and/or process) - does not have to be an enjoyable experience. Cofactors are 'being away', compatability (of environment with purpose or individual preferences) and 'other worldliness'. Review of empirical studies mentions work in hospitals, prisons, home and work, plus a community garden study and a 'outdoor challenge program' (wilderness study). Response to restorative environment included improved proofreading and (in cancer patients) improved attention, initiative, and quality-of-life. ¼G&F�¤À0�b<âTyrväinen, Liisa 1997ZSThe amenity value of the urban forest: an application of the hedonic pricing methodb"Landscape and Urban Planning37211-222ZTeconomics, hedonic price model, urban forest, forest patches, economic functionalityÔ
Î
This article uses apartment sales data from Joensuu, Finland, in a hedonic price model to define the economic benefits dervied from the non-consumptive use of urban forests. The analysis indicates that the quality of natural areas can significantly affect prices. This includes proximity to wooded recreational areas and increasing proportions of forested area within a neighbourhood. The effect of small forested parks in a neighbourhood is unclear, however.& Tyrväinen, Liisa
Väänänen, Hannu 1998f_The economic value of urban forest amenities: an application of the contingent valuation method,"Landscape and Urban Planning43105-118 \Veconomics, contingent valuation, urban forests, forest patches, economic functionality This article assesses the benefits of urban forests in Joensuu, Finland, with the use of the contingent valuation method (CVM). Issues regarding the use of surveys to identify preferences and willingness to pay are discussed. The research concludes that while willingness to pay changes with season, area and location, residents are willing to pay for the use of forests, and are also willing to pay to prevent the conversion of forests to other uses. This may differ, however, based on environment and cultural values.(!Tyrväinen, Liisa
Miettinen, Anttie 20000*Property prices and urban forest amenities81Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,39205-223B;hedonic price model, forest patches, economic functionalityln
g
This study implicitly values the amenity of urban forests in the district of Salo, Finland, with the use of a hedonic regression model. The results suggest that a one kilometer increase in distance from an urban forest results in a 5.9 percent decrease in the sale value of the house, and that dwellings in the area with a view are about 4.9% more expensive.i2+Wickham, J. D.,
O'Neill, R. V.,
Jones K. B.n 20004-Forest fragmentation as an economic indicatorLandscape Ecology15171-179��economic geography, geographic information systems (GIS), land-cover change, land use modeling, urban gradient, economic functionality`ZGeographic gradient of urbanization pressure, or demand for land, was calculated using splining based on "distance-decay" and "retail gravity" theory. Basically they built a surface map of urbanization pressure based on the population:distance ratio from multiple urban centers. This gradient was 'moderately' correlated with forest fragmentation (grid analysis) and 'strongly' correlated with land-cover change (NDVI). They speculate that forest pattern was also influenced by local and historical factors (unexplained variation). The building of a geographic gradient might be a useful technique.Wilhelmsson, MatsP 2000HAThe impact of traffic noise on the values of single-family housest60Journal of Environmental Planning and Management43
6799-81560Wilson, John D
Kohlhase, Janet E
Strawn, Sabrina 19996/Quality of life and comparative risk in HoustonUrban Ecosystems
3113-129t"Wu, Jianguo
Loucks, Orie L.l 1995XRFrom balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology&The Quarterly Review of Biologyc70
4439-466ÿDecember60patch dynamics, hierarchy, theoretical framework�|This provides a good review of complex systems theory. It takes the ideas further than Innes adn Booher (1999), in that it adds the concepts of hierarchy and patch dynamics. The argument is made that complex systems are hierarchically orbanized. This leads to two key points: (1) a focal level can be defined; and (2) once a focal level is defined the relevance of other time/space processes can be determined. Another strenght of this article is the fact that the theory is applied as part of the Pheonix LTER. It explains how the theory is used to build and relate models and how patch hierarhcies are defined and scales changed. Wu, Jianguo
David, John L. 2002pjA spatially explicit hierarchical approach to modeling complex ecological systems: theory and applicationsEcological Modelling 153 7-26¨¡complex systems modeling, hierarchical patch dynamics, hierarchical modeling, scaling, urban landscape ecology, theoretical framework, complex systems, hierarchye´­Read: Adrienne
This article provides a good review of complex systems theory. It takes the ideas further than Innes and Booher (1999), in that it adds the concepts of hierarchy and patch dynamics. The argument is made that complex systems are hierarchically organized. This leads to two key points: (1) a focal level can be defined; and (2) once a focal level is defined the relevance of other time/space scale processes can be determined. Another strength of this article is the fact that the theory is applied as part of current research in the Phoenix LTER. It explains how the theory is used to build and relate models and how patch hierarchies are defined and scales changed. RLZipperer, Wayne C.
Sisinni, Susan M.
Pouyat, Richard V.
Foresman, Timothy W. 19972+Urban tree cover: an ecological perspectiveUrban Ecosystems
1229-246Michael L. Morrison, B. G. M. R. W. M., Ed. (1998). Wildlife-habitat relationships : concepts & applications.
Provides a broad but advanced understanding of habitat relationships applicable to terrrestrial species. Also includes ccoverage of spatial analysis, landscape ecology, animal populations and their quantification, behavioral studies. Covers the growing field of landscape ecology, including habtiat heterogeneity and responses of wildlife on habitat

Midgley, G. and Ochoa-Arias, A. E. 1999. Visions of community for community OR. Omega-International Journal of Management Science 27(2): 259-274.
community operational research; critical management science;
community; politics; historical investigation; participative
democracy
operational-research; subsidiarity; liberalism; systems; state
Cited Reference Count: 126
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FOWLER RB, 1991, DANCE COMMUNITY CONT
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HARRINGTON M, 1985, POLITICS GODS FUNERA
HAUERWAS S, 1981, COMMUNITY CHARACTER
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The purpose of this paper is to open space for a debate about normative visions of community and their implications for community OR. It is argued that, if practitioners do not reflect on the different visions that it is possible to promote, then there is a danger that they will default to the understanding of community that is implicit in the liberal/capitalist tradition currently dominant in the West (and increasingly most of the rest of the world). Some may be happy with this, but for those who wish to consider the value of alternative political traditions, there is a need for explicit reflection on the different possible meanings of the term 'community'. To clarify some of the choices available to community OR practitioners, three major political traditions are reviewed (liberalism, Marxism and communitarianism), as well as sub-divisions of these, and the paper asks: what kind of community OR practice would support each one? In all, eight different (sometimes overlapping) forms of community OR practice are identified, each of which is capable of promoting a different normative vision of community. There are therefore substantial political choices open to those involved ire community OR. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Milat, A. J., Stubbs, J., Engelhard, S., Weston, P., Giles-Corti, B. and Fitzgerald, S. 2002. Measuring physical activity in public open space - an electronic device versus direct observation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26(1): 50-51.
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ENGELHARD S, 2001, AUST NZ J PUBL HEAL, V25, P149
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PATTERSON TL, 1988, J BEHAV MED, V11, P447
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SALLIS JF, 1997, C PAP COOP I AER RES
SALLIS JF, 1999, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BE
523XV
AUST N Z PUBL HEALTH
Objective: To evaluate the practicality and validity of using infra-red beam counters (IRBCs) to measure walking path use and overall park use. Method: Direct observation was carried out simultaneously with IRBC data collection in five parks on seven non-consecutive days during February-March in 1998 and on matched days in 1999. A second validation study was undertaken in one park in October 1999. Results: The IRBC over-estimated the observed number of people using walking paths by 14% to 78%. When assessed by path volume, the difference between the IRBC and observer ranged from 10% under-estimation to 16% over- estimation. In a more rigorous evaluation of path volume the IRBC under-estimated the observed count by 20%. The extent to which the IRBC equated with the number of observed park users varied from 69% underestimation to no difference, Conclusion: IRBCs are not appropriate for measuring the number of people engaging in physical activity in parks, Implications: IRBCs cannot replace direct observation for the collection of valid data on physical activity participation in parks. Further research is needed to determine settings in which electronic devices such as IRBCs may provide valid data on physical activity participation.

Miller, J. R. and Hobbs, N. T. 2000. Recreational trails, human activity, and nest predation in lowland riparian areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 50(4): 227-236.
birds; trail; predation
artificial nests; quail eggs; forest fragmentation; national-
park; house wrens; birds; corridors; habitat; edge; behavior
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LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
In areas of human settlement, greenways and open-space land are often intended to serve recreational purposes as well as provide wildlife habitat, but the compatibility of these goals is uncertain. We examined the effect of recreational trails on the risk of nest predation and nest predator activity at four lowland riparian sites along the Front Range of Colorado. At one site on each of two streams, we placed a transect of artificial nests near a recreational trail and another transect on the opposite side of the stream, We also placed another transect of nests at a second site on each stream that was not associated with a recreational trail. In 1995, nests were baited with quail eggs; in 1996 a clay egg was also added to nests to aid us in nest predator identification. Artificial nests are not perfect surrogates for natural nests, but are useful in generating hypotheses about causes of nest failure and for detecting changes in predator assemblages. Overall, predation rates were high (93%). There were significant differences in vulnerability to predation on the different transect types, with a tendency for predation rates to increase with distance from trails. There was a significant effect of time with a greater risk of predation in 1996. In 1996, 83% of the clay eggs that were recovered showed signs of predation. House Wrens destroyed 11% of the clay eggs; impressions from Black-billed Magpies, Blue Jays, and Common Grackles were found on 69%; mice preyed on 25%; and squirrels on 12% of the eggs. Birds attacked more nests near trails than away from trails, whereas mammals appeared to avoid nests near trails to some extent. These results support the contention that recreational trails and human activity may affect nesting success for some species, and suggest that patterns of nest predation reflect the unique, and sometimes, counter-intuitive responses of individual predator species. Rather than relying on simplistic assumptions about the compatibility of recreation and wildlife, it is important to consider how individual species respond to the habitat alteration and human activity associated with trails when deciding where trails should be located and in developing overall conservation strategies in human-dominated areas. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Miyawaki, A. and Golley, F. B. 1993. Forest Reconstruction as Ecological Engineering. Ecological Engineering 2(4): 333-345.
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AOKI J, 1985, B I ENV SCI TECHNOL, V12, P125
CAIRNS J, 1988, REHABILITATING DAMAG
CLEMENTS F, 1916, PLANT SUCCESSION ANA
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GOLLEY FB, 1977, ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSIO
LEVISTRAUSS C, 1962, SAVAGE MIND
MIYAWAKI A, 1978, HDB JAPANESE VEGETAT
MIYAWAKI A, 1985, INT J BIOMETEOROL S1, V29, P197
MIYAWAKI A, 1983, OKOLOGISCHE VEGETATI, V22
MIYAWAKI A, 1977, VEGETATION FAUNA, P87
MIYAWAKI A, 1980, VEGETATION JAPAN, V1
MIYAWAKI A, 1988, VEGETATION MAPPING, P427
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TUXEN R, 1956, ANGEW PFLANZENSOZIOL, V13, P5
MQ006
ECOL ENG
Land restoration involves reconstruction of the native biota in a sustainable form. If reconstruction involves deliberate manipulation of biological organisms and the physical-chemical environment to achieve specific human goals, it qualifies as ecological engineering. Restoration which uses natural processes to achieve endpoints which are unpredictable but can be accepted because they are ''natural'' is not ecological engineering. In Japan a system of forest reconstruction has been developed which is based on knowledge of the potential vegetation of a site, knowledge of the methods of germination and growth of the species which compose the mature vegetation and a method of site preparation and planting. This ecological engineering approach has been used on 285 sites, in a variety of habitats, to form dense stands of vegetation to hide industrial complexes, control visual, noise and chemical pollution, stabilize soil and beaches and provide urban green space. The technique has also been used to restore tropical rain forest.

Mortberg, U. and Wallentinus, H. G. 2000. Red-listed forest bird species in an urban environment - assessment of green space corridors. Landscape and Urban Planning 50(4): 215-226.
red-listed forest birds; greenways; greenbelt; green space
corridors; urban; suburban; planning
habitat fragmentation; black woodpecker; landscape;
consequences; gis
Cited Reference Count: 45
Cited References:
*MUN SOLL, 1991, ENV PROT PLAN MUN SO
*NAT LANDS SWED, 1991, GREEN MAP T5 VERS
*OFF REG PLANN URB, 1992, GREEN SPAC CORR STOC
*OFF REG PLANN URB, 1996, GREEN SPAC STRUCT ST
*OFF REG PLANN URB, 1990, GREENB STOCKH
*SWED EPA, 1978, BIOL INV NORM
*SWED SPAC CORP, 1991, LAND COV CLASS SWED
AHERN J, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V33, P131
AHLEN I, 1996, SWEDISH RED DATA BOO
ANDREASSIAN B, 1997, ANN CARDIOL ANGEIOL, V46, P171
ANDREN H, 1997, OIKOS, V80, P193
ANDREN H, 1994, OIKOS, V71, P355
BASCHAK LA, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V33, P211
BOLGER DT, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P406
BOTKIN DB, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P3
COLLINGE SK, 1996, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V36, P59
DETTMERS R, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P152
ESSEEN PA, 1997, ECOLOGICAL B, V46, P16
FORMAN RTT, 1996, CONSERVATION FAUNAL, P537
FORMAN RTT, 1986, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
FORMAN RTT, 1997, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V37, P129
FRIDZEN KE, 1996, FAGLAR STOCKHOLMSTRA, V3, P134
GARDNER RH, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC, P208
HARMS WB, 1998, KEY CONCEPTS LANDSCA, P239
HOGMAN PG, 1997, FAGLAR STOCKHOLMSTRA, V2, P84
JONGMAN RHG, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V32, P169
LINEHAN J, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V33, P179
LUNIAK M, 1990, URBAN ECOLOGICAL STU
MCGARIGAL K, 1995, 351 GTR PNW US FOR S
MIKUSINSKI G, 1995, ECOGRAPHY, V18, P363
MORTBERG UM, 1998, KEY CONCEPTS LANDSCA, P239
MORTBERG UM, 1996, THESIS ROYAL I TECHN
OPDAM P, 1995, IBIS, V137, P139
OPDAM P, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY ST
SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18
SAUVAJOT RM, 1998, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P279
SEILER A, 1997, P INT C HAB FRAGM IN, P253
SJOGRENGULVE P, 1996, METAPOPULATIONS WILD
SVENSSON S, 1999, SWIDISH BIRD ATLAS
SWETNAM RD, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V41, P3
TJERNBERG M, 1996, BIRD FAUNA UPPLAN S2
TJERNBERG M, 1993, ORNIS FENNICA, V70, P155
VANLANGEVELDE F, 1994, LANDSCAPE PLANNING E, P27
WIDEN P, 1989, IBIS, V131, P205
WITH KA, 1997, OIKOS, V78, P151
348AR
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN
The aim of this work was to investigate if the forest remnants of the city and the system of green space corridors could support target species for conservation, in the form of red- listed forest bird species, to show through the presence of the target species what habitat qualities are still possible near cities, and to reveal those features and properties of the landscape structure that were important in this sense. The findings could be used for developing guidelines for design of urban green space corridors. A spatial analysis was performed, covering the landscape in the study area and 67 sample sites with natural vegetation, within and outside of the green space corridors. Breeding forest birds were recorded and breeding of target species in the sample sites as functions of landscape descriptors was tested using logistic regression. Seven red- listed forest bird species were found breeding in the sample sites. Considering them as indicators of habitat qualities, the results would imply that the qualities of the urban and suburban forests were due to a vast range of deciduous forest, especially broad-leaved, and possibly also to a lower intensity of forestry than in rural areas, resulting in a sufficient number of mature and decaying trees. The logistic regression models showed that important properties of remnants of natural vegetation were large areas of forest on rich soils, together with connectivity in the form of amounts of this habitat in the landscape. These properties were associated with the green space corridors. Implications for the design of urban green space corridors would be to treat mature and decaying trees and patches of moist deciduous forest as a resource for vulnerable species, and to conserve large areas of natural vegetation together with a network of important habitats in the whole landscape, in this case forest on rich soils, also in built-up areas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Mullauer-Seichter, W. 2001. The use of urban green space: Between private and public, aesthetic and economic gain. La-Casa-de-Campo, park of Madrid. Revista De Dialectologia Y Tradiciones Populares 56(1): 163-181.
Cited Reference Count: 19
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BUSTOYDEJADOCAJ.M, 1876, PROYECTO APROVECHAMI
BUXOIREY MJ, 1999, AIRE MITOS RITOS REA
CALDERONDELABAR.P, 1701, LOA COMDEIA 3 PRESTI
CAVANILLES AJ, 1797, OBSERVACIONWS SOBRE
FERNANDEZDELOSR.A, 1876, GUIA MADRID MANUAL M
FRYKMAN J, 1987, CUTLURE BUILDERS HIS
GIMENOPASCUAL AM, 1981, JARDINES CLASICOS MA, P67
JORRETO M, 1901, MONOGRAFIAS ARTISTIC
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NAVASCUES P, 1998, JARDIN NATURALEZA RE
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The author analyzes the perception of public open green areas in Madrid. Through the study of the 'Casa de Campo' park, she aims to show how this green area has been used in different ways. The Casa de Campo has both an aesthetic and economic purpose. In Northern Europe, open areas such a this one are often places which people use for contemplation and solitude; in contrast, in Southern Europe people tend to utilize these parks aas meeting arenas for socializing.

Murphy, M. T. 2001. Source-sink dynamics of a declining Eastern Kingbird population and the value of sink habitats. Conservation Biology 15(3): 737-748.
reproductive success; balanced dispersal; capture-recapture;
migratory birds; metapopulation; demography; viability; models;
fragmentation; environments
Cited Reference Count: 56
Cited References:
1997, CENSUS AGR NATL STAT
ALERICH CL, 1995, RESOURCE B
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BROWNIE C, 1993, BIOMETRICS, V49, P1173
CADE TJ, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P21
CLOBERT J, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P75
CONROY MJ, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P17
CROXALL JP, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P272
DIFFENDORFER JE, 1998, OIKOS, V81, P417
DOAK DF, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1370
DONCASTER CP, 1997, AM NAT, V150, P425
DONOVAN TM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1380
DONOVAN TM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1396
GAONA P, 1998, ECOL MONOGR, V68, P349
HAGAN JM, 1993, AUK, V110, P863
HARRIS MP, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P230
HARRISON S, 1991, BIOL J LINN SOC, V42, P73
HATCHWELL BJ, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P1114
HOLMES RT, 1996, J ANIM ECOL, V65, P183
HOWE RW, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V57, P239
JORGENSEN SE, 1994, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGI
LACK D, 1966, POPULATION STUDIES B
LANDE R, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P566
LEBRETON JD, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P105
LEBRETON JD, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P67
LITVAITIS JA, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P866
LOERY G, 1997, AUK, V114, P431
MCCOY TD, 1999, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V63, P530
MCPEEK MA, 1992, AM NAT, V140, P1010
MUMME RL, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P501
MURPHY DD, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P3
MURPHY MT, 1997, AM MIDL NAT, V138, P344
MURPHY MT, 1996, BIRDS N AM, P1
MURPHY MT, 1996, CONDOR, V98, P83
MURPHY MT, 2000, ECOL MONOGR, V70, P1
MURPHY MT, 2001, IN PRESS ECOLOGY
PEARSON DL, 1980, MIGRANT BIRDS NEOTRO, P273
PETERSON S, 1993, STELLA 2 TECHNICAL D
POLLOCK KH, 1990, WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS, V107
PULLIAM HR, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P652
PULLIAM HR, 1994, B ECOLOGICAL SOC SEP, P141
PULLIAM RH, 1991, AM NAT, V137, PS51
PURCELL KL, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P442
REED JM, 1998, WILDLIFE SOC B, V26, P244
ROBINSON SK, 1995, SCIENCE, V267, P1987
ROGERS CM, 1997, CONDOR, V99, P622
SAETHER BE, 1998, AM NAT, V151, P441
SAETHER BE, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P628
STACEY PB, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P18
THOMAS CD, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P647
WATKINSON AR, 1995, J ANIM ECOL, V64, P126
WIENS JA, 1996, METAPOPULATIONS WILD, P53
WOOLFENDEN GE, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P542
WOOTTON JT, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P307
441HY
CONSERV BIOL
I developed a demographic model for species inhabiting a mosaic of habitats of varying quality and among which dispersal was limited only by territorial behavior I used the model to describe an ongoing decline of an Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) population breeding in the Charlotte Valley of central New York and to explore the possibility that the population utilized a network of source-sink habitats Population size declined in upland and floodplain habitats between 1989 and 1999, but remained stable along a riparian zone (the "creek"). Population size after 10 years was predicted accurately when I used the empirically observed habitat-specific rates of adult survival, productivity and adult dispersal among habitats and assumed a 5% rate of immigration into the upland. Simulation of the effect of density-dependent variation in reproductive, success or a small increase in adult survival in all habitats failed to improve the model's predictive ability. The model indicated that none of the subpopulations teas self-sustaining over 50 years and that population decline was driven by declining adult survival. Further analyses, however, showed that small increases in adult survival along the creek! changed the creek habitat into a source and reversed population trends. Simulation of realistic rates of habitat loss as a result of forest maturation did not affect predicted population size at 50 years, but, assuming that the area of pasture and grazed lands continues to decline at current rates, the king bird population is predicted to become extinct locally within 40 years. Riparian zones appear to be source habitats for kingbirds and should be targeted for protection. Sink habitats were also important because in every year most of the king bird population bred on the floodplain or in the upland and many floodplain birds later dispersed to the creek. Preservation of open space is thus critical for maintenance of kingbird populations in eastern North America.

Nelson, A. C. 1992. Preserving Prime Farmland in the Face of Urbanization - Lessons from Oregon. Journal of the American Planning Association 58(4): 467-488.
agricultural protection program; residential land market; open
space protection; urban-growth; use act; policy; greenbelt
Cited Reference Count: 84
Cited References:
*LAND CONS DEV COM, 1986, OR LANDS
*LAND CONS DEV COM, 1989, REP OR LEG
*LAND CONS DEV COM, 1990, STAT PLANN GOALS GUI
*PAC MER RES, 1991, AN REL RES DWELL PAR
*REAL EST RES CORP, 1974, COSTS SPRAWL
*USDA, 1985, 1982 CENS AGR
*USDA, 1990, 1987 CENS AGR
*USDA, 1981, NAT AGR LANDS STUD
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BERRY D, 1978, POLICY SCI, V9, P153
BERRY D, 1976, REGINAL SCI RES I DI, V92
BERRY D, 1976, REGIONAL SCI RES I D, V88
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DANIELS TL, 1990, J RURAL STUD, V6, P331
DANIELS TL, 1986, J RURAL STUD, V2, P31
DAVIS JS, 1990, COMMUTING PATTERNS E
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FURUSETH OJ, 1982, AGR LAND URBAN SOC
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VINING DR, 1977, INT REGIONAL SIC REV, V2
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JU808
J AMER PLANN ASSN
This article combines theory and a literature review with empirical and descriptive findings to demonstrate that Oregon's mix of policies is effective in preserving prime farmland in the face of urbanization. Exclusive farm use zones preserve farmland for farming; urban growth boundaries limit urban sprawl; exurban districts accommodate the demand for rural residential development without harming commercial farm operations; farm tax deferral and right-to-farm laws create incentives for farmers to keep farming; and comprehensive plans legitimize the entire package. This article proposes a comprehensive scheme for farmland preservation that expands on the experience of Oregon, including its mistakes.

Nilsson-Christer, G.-G.ing about how our research can be used and about the policy choices that influence the patches we hope to study.,&Banks, J. C.
Brack, C. L.
James, R. N. 1999f_Modelling changes in dimensions, health status, and arboricultural implications for urban treesUrban Ecosystems
335-43.'urban forests, ecological functionalitylfThis article appears to provide a good example of how urban trees have been studied and characterized.$Botkin, D. B.
Beveridge, C. E. 1997Cities as environmentsUrban Ecosystems
1a 3-19"urban ecology, urban forests¨
¡
This article is the introduction to the journal Urban Ecosystems. It defines the themes that have characterized discussions about cities being considered as ecosystems themselves, including the beauty of natural parks, urban demographics, specific trends in city planning, and the idea of cities being considered as habitat. Los Angeles is described as a case study to demonstrate specific arguments of the authors.o4-Bramston, Paul
Pretty, Grace
Chipuer, Heather 2002haUnravelling subjective quality of life: an investigation of individual and community determinantsa Social Indicators Research59261-274social functionalityvpThis article appears to be one that will be very helpful in thinking about our measures of social functionality.*$Brown, Barbara B.
Cropper, Vivian L. 2001^WNew urban and standard suburban subdivisions: evaluating psychological and social goalss2,Journal of the American Planning Association67
4APA JournalrlNew Urbanist,, subdivision, Salt Lake City, sense of community, neighborliness, social functionality, surveyPIMay be good to look at survey methods for measuring social functionality.
& Calthorpe, Peter
Fulton, William 2001Regionalism and SprawlWashington, D. C.Island Press 302HT 392 C28 2001*#sprawl, regionalism, design, policyf

It is interesting in that the first chapter discusses the economic region, the social region, and the ecological region - but not related to forest functionality directly. Provides a brief history of Seattle growth (1970's - present). Plate of Issaquah Highlands.':4Christakopoulou, Sophia
Dawson, Jon
Gari, Aikaterini 2001xrThe community well-being questionnaire: theoretical context and initial assessment of its reliability and validity Social Indicators Research56321-351*$social functionality, survey methodsª¤The article appears to apply directly to our task of assessing social functionality both in terms of defining social function and designing a method of measurement.<5Correll, Mark R.
Lillydahl, Jane H.
Singell, Larry D.e 1978tnThe effects of greenbelts on residential property values: some findings on the political economy of open spaceLand Economics54
2207-217>7hedonic price model, open space, economic functionalityeP
I
This paper assesses the economic effects of greenbelts in Boulder, CO, through hedonic price modeling. The research indicates that while there is a statistically significant, negative correlation between distance and residential housing price, there is no relationship between housing price and view of the Great Boulder Valley.oCostanza, Robert 2000:4Social goals and the valuation of ecosystem services Ecosystems
3
1 4-100*economic valuation, economic functionalityx
r
The author provides a general assessment of the implicit approach used under the current economic system to evaluate ecosystem services, in the light of the efficiency of tradeoffs and choices. He proposes an alternative ethical standard, which incorporates ecological sustainability, social fairness, and economic efficiency in decisions made about natural resources.~wDale, V. H.
Brown, S.
Haeuber, R. A.
Hobbs, N. T.
Huntly, N.
Naiman, R. J.
Riebsame, W. E.
Turner, M. G.
Valone, T. J.e 2000LEEcological principles and guidelines for managing the use of the landEcological Applications10
3639-670àÚconservation, distrubance, ecological processes, ecosystem function, environmental policy, keystone species. land management, land use, ecological principles, landscape, nonnative species, planning, settlement patterns@9De Wet, Andrew P.
Richardson, Jonathan
Olympia, Catherinel 1998\UInteractions of land-use history and current ecology in a recovering "urban wildland"\Urban Ecosystems
2²237-262urban ecosystemd
]
This paper describes the land use history and the ecology of a former industrial site in Lancaster County, PA, that is recovering from ecological impacts. It does briefly address the implications of conversion to green space / recreational uses, but is more of a descriptive article than a broader discussion of the implications of land conversion.Diener, Ed
Suh, Eunkook  1997LFMeasuring quality of life: economic, social, and subjective indicators Social Indicators Research40189-21681Dovciak, Martin
Frelich, Lee E.
Reich, Peter B.e 2001piDiscordance in spatial patterns of white pine (Pinus strobus) size-classes in a patchy near-boreal foresteThe Journal of Ecology89
2f 280}Dow, Kirstin 200082Social dimensions of gradients in urban ecosystemsUrban Ecosystems
4r255-275crlurban ecosystem, gradient, environmental history, urbanization, urban gradient, social functionality, theory*#This article addresses the need to include social dimensions in landscape-ecology style studies of urban ecosystems. The author introduces three social dimensions that should be added to characteristics defining urban gradients: 1) land use, 2) land management effort, 3) historical context. It has a nice discussion/table illustrating historical social changes/happenings affecting urban ecology. The article is a nice discussion of gradient related social issues but does not really meet our current needs/ thoughts on 'social functionality'.fEhrenfeld, Joanh 20002+Evaluating wetlands within an urban context0Urban Ecosystems
4o69-85v>7”/:*´=p
1pì82Erickson, Donna L
Ryan, Robert L
De Young, Raymond 2002tnWoodlots in the rural landscape: landowner motivations and management attitudes in a Michigan (USA) case study"Landscape and Urban Planning58101-112tHAsocial functionality, social survey methods, social functionalityu´­This study seeks to explain and understand what is important to and motivates landowners of rural, non-industrial private forests (NIPFs). The amount of forest in the Michigan study areas is increasing, mainly because of a change in who is buying these lands. A mail-survey is used to assess the motivations behind ownership of these NIPFs. Results indicated that aesthetic reasons and environmental protection ranked highest among landowner reasons for retaining forest on their lands, economic benefits ranked 3rd. 'Wildlife habitat' and 'add beauty' were the highest rated individual items. While the overall trend was the same for both groups (1.aesthetic/2.environmental protection/3.economic) farmers rated economic reasons higher than non-farmers. The survey also explored owners views, effortsand knowledge about management of these areas. It is another good social survey source both in terms of examples of results/questions and for refs and methods of developing survey; also interesting for results--ranking of motivations, but may be very different in an area closer to lg city (or in the study site in 20yrs). It also highlight benefits/importance of private forest patches.nEwing, R. H. 1994HBCharacteristics, causes and effects of sprawl: a literature review$Environmental and Urban IssuesWinter 1994b 1-15*$Sprawl, review, social functionality 
�
The physical characteristics, causes, and effects of sprawl must b understood before sprawl acan be effectively regulated. Relying on the literature in the field, this paper provides a conceptual framework against which DCA's proposed sprawl rule can be judged an upon which the final rule can rest. Review includes 'costs of sprawl' references including 'psychic costs' which relate to social functionalitye4-Filion, Pierre
Bunting, Trudi
Warriner, Keith 1999piThe entrenchment of urban dispersion: residential preferences and location patterns in the dispersed city
Urban Studiesÿ36
8ÿ 1317-1347ÿ$sprawl, theoretical frameworkmhaThis article may aid us in defining our gradient and understanding the pattern of forest patches.o@:Geoghegan, Jacqueline
Wainger, Lisa A.
Bockstael, Nancy E. 1997b\Spatial landscape indices in a hedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GISEcological Economics23
3l251-2649>7hedonic price model, open space, economic functionalityt��This paper presents a hedonic price model for residential property in the Washington DC area. The researchers used spatial data from a GIS datavase to develop landscape indices to include in this mode, specifically the diversity and fragmentation indices within a 0.1 and 1.0 km radius. The analysis indicates that within a 0.1 km radius, the effect of percentage open space is significant and positive, but within a 1.0 km radius, the effect is significant and negative. The authors suggest that the latter effect is due to the absence of urban services. In the larger buffer, forestry and agricultural uses also tend to decrease propert values.Geoghegan, Jacquelinec 200260The value of open spaces in residential land useLand Use Policyn1991-98t@9hedonic price model, open space, ecological functionalitytH
A
This article presents a hedonic price model for Howard County, MD, to demonstrate the differences in the effects of "permanent" and "developable" open space. The results show that the effects of "permanent" open space on property values are approximately three times greater than the effects of "developable" open space.t$Germann-Chiari, C.
Seeland, K. 2003´®Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research"Forest Policy and Economics ��Social integration, urban green spaces, urban forestry, geographical information system (GIS), census, social functionality, methodm("The objective of this ongoing research is to analyse the social potential of urban green spaces to create opportunities to integrate youths, elderly people, foreigners, unemployed and other social groups into the urban life of large Swiss agglomerations. Urban green-space data are linked with social demographic datat for these particular social groups. Three large cities in the different language regions of Switzerland have been selected for a comparative study: Geneva (French-speaking), Lugano(Italian-speaking) and Zurich (German-speaking). The green-space data derived from vector25, the digital landscape model in a vector format of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography, and the social demographic data from the 1990 Swiss census are compiled for further processing with the geographical information systems ArcInfo and ArcView. In this way, a contribution to the development of a GIS-based research methodology is made. The goal of this approach is to obtain a highly aggregated planning tool for urban forestry and green-space development.�{Abstract only, article in press. Method of integrating census data with urban green space data should be worth looking at.*$Goulder, Lawrence H.
Kennedy, DonaldLEValuing ecosystem services: philosophical bases and empirical methods ask Marina23-47*$Grove, J Morgan
Burch, William R, Jr 1997voA social ecology approach and applications of urban and landscape analyses: a case study of Baltimore, MarylandUrban Ecosystems
1 259-275n$theory, theoretical framework B;A good account of the history of 'urban ecology' and how its roots began at the same time as plant and animal ecology but was primarily viewed apart from it 'human ecology'. Authors now stress move back to this linkage but considering humans as one would any other social creature. Case is made that neither strict 'ecology' approaches nor straight sociological approaches are adequate to answer urban ecology questions, a middle-ground or combination of the two are needed. One example question is very similar to our research interests. The article is a good source for theory and background sort of a justification/history of urban ecology approach. As mentioned above, one of their example ?s is very close to what we are trying to do. They also provide examples of how different info can be meshed together using gis (nothing earth shattering); my favorite quote: 'However, a common confusion among many life scientists who do not study people or other social species is that measurements of human communities are difficult if not impossible....' so take heart DAJA! 5�
ô
°
*@¸¬?î>\
ª
*$Guntenspergen, G R
Levenson, James B 1997f`Understory plant species composition in remnant stands along an urban-to-rural land-use gradientUrban Ecosystems
1155-169NHgradient, urban gradient, ecological functionality, vegetative community”�The article appears to be very applicable to our study in terms of vegetation in remnant forest patches as well as the use of urban gradient.xqHarwell, Chirstine C.
Deren, Christopher W.
Snyder, George H.
Soliecki, William D.
Wilson, James
Harwell, Mark A.g 1999��Use of a conceptual model of societal drivers of ecological change in South Florida: Implications of an ecosystem management scenarioÿUrban Ecosystems
3ÿ345-358ÿvohuman-dominated ecosystem, conceptual model, restoration scenarios, societal implications, social functionalityª£This is really an article that only peripherally applied to our project. It breaks societal factors down into ownership, use and control of resources, and policy. Societal drivers are another category that includs values, technology, economy, population, and institutions. A third category is 'quality of life' that deals with access, income, employment, and the willingness of the public to live in a 'low impact' manner. The article is really aimed at the assessment of restoration efforts and potential in Florida. Therefore, the aim of the study differs from ours. The value comes in the way in which the factors affecting restoration are organized and identified. PJHepinstall, Jeffrey A.
Marzluff, John M.
Handcock, Mark S.
Hurvitz, Philip 2003�{Incorporating resource utilization distributions into the study of resource selection: dealing with spatial autocorrelationÿDraftÿÌÆhabitat selection, habitat use, kernel, multiple regression, resource selection, resource utilization function, Stellar's jay, spatial autocorrelation, utilization distribution, spatial data
methods82It examines and raises issues we willl have to deal with in terms of the spatial nature of our data. The article assumes a large amount of knowledge in terms of typically utilized methodologies for manipulating and understanding spatial data. We will likely be better served just talking to Jeff. An additional 'take home' message of the article is that the quality of an estimation is truly reflective of the quality of data on which it is based. As obvious as it seems, it is a good thing to keep in mind when you begin using data in more abstract manners.$Hostetler, Mark
Holling, C. S. 2000RLDetecting the scales at which birds respond to structure in urban landscapesUrban Ecosystems
425-54("Hostetler, Mark
Knowles-Yanez, Kim 2002NHLand use, scale, and bird distributions in the Phoenix metropolitan area"Landscape and Urban Planning 936f 1-14(!Innes, Judith E.
Booher, David E.o 1999TNMetropolitan development as a complex system: A new approach to sustainability$Economic Develpoment Quarterly13
2141-156vpurban development, sustainable development, land use, metropolitan areas, theoretical framework, complex systemsÔÍIt provides a general description of complex systems and argues that complexity theory is an appropriate framework within which to examine urban systems. " a conception of the social, political, and economic world as a complex, self-organizing, adaptive system, parallel to those being identified in the physical and biological sciences, .." California is used as an illustration of the complexity of urban systems and to illustrate the limitations of current/past approaches. It includes a limited literature review. The article ultimately takes a final step arguing that complex systems provide new insights to sustainability. The application of the framework is broken into 3 parts: indicators (system indicators, performance measures, rapid feedback), consensus building, and leadership. The application ideals are just that, Ideal. While good points are brought up, they are not terribly practical. Other articles may be better descriptions of complex systems.t("Iverson, Louis R
Cook, Elizabeth A 2000`YUrban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and incometUrban Ecosystems
4\105-124SB<economic functionality, social functionality, remote sensing(!This paper describes efforts to use LandSat Thematic Mapper data to identify landcover classes. Landcover for the greater Chicago area is then inventoried, paying particular attention to urban vegetation. Methods for classifying and utilizing LandSat TM data are described. Also discusses the successes of forest preserve systems for retaining forests in highly urbanized, high density communities. Also correlate landcover data with household number and income data, nothing shocking found--i.e. amount of forestland inversely related to number of households. Overall, it is a good remote sensing method paper and example of the type of work we might need to do. Findings of interest or relevant to our study include that wealthy regions had higher tree cover while poorer had lower tree cover.sJohansson, Stens 2002HAConceptualizing and measuring quality of life for national policy Social Indicators Research5813-32social functionalityVPThis appears to be useful for thinking about and measuring social functionality.Johnson, D. Gale 2002TMThe declining importance of natural resources: lessons from agricultural land$Resource and Energy Economics24157-171Jokimäki, Jukka 1999ngOccurrence of breeding bird species in urban parks: Effects of park structure and broad-scale variablesiUrban Ecosystems
3a21-34ecological functionality

This article appears to apply directly to our potential use of birds to characterize the ecological functionality of forest patches/green space. Even if we choose to use a measure other than birds, the article should be helpful in thinking about the structure of green spaces.i4.Jorgensen, Anna
Hitchmough, James
Calvert, Tig 2002TNWoodland spaces and edges: their impact on perception of safety and preference"Landscape and Urban Planning60135-150f"social functionality, safety��This article speaks directly to some of the issues we have been thinking about as social functionality such as preceived vs. real safety issues.Kaplan, Stephen 1995>8The urban forest as a source of psychological well-being Bradley, Gordon A.JCUrban Forest Landscapes: integrating multidisciplinary perspectivesSeattlei$University of Washington Press100-108SB 436 U7 19950*Urban forest, social functionality, review�|This is good for a conceptual and empirical review, it is not original research nor does it describe methods but has references that presumably would. Attributes 'mental fatigue' to 'directed attention' (takes effort, controlled, can fatigue) as opposed to 'fascination' (effortless, somewhat involuntary, relieves fatigue). 'Restorative environments' are outlets for fascination (via content and/or process) - does not have to be an enjoyable experience. Cofactors are 'being away', compatability (of environment with purpose or individual preferences) and 'other worldliness'. Review of empirical studies mentions work in hospitals, prisons, home and work, plus a community garden study and a 'outdoor challenge program' (wilderness study). Response to restorative environment included improved proofreading and (in cancer patients) improved attention, initiative, and quality-of-life. ¼G&F�¤À0�b<âTyrväinen, Liisa 1997ZSThe amenity value of the urban forest: an application of the hedonic pricing methodb"Landscape and Urban Planning37211-222ZTeconomics, hedonic price model, urban forest, forest patches, economic functionalityÔ
Î
This article uses apartment sales data from Joensuu, Finland, in a hedonic price model to define the economic benefits dervied from the non-consumptive use of urban forests. The analysis indicates that the quality of natural areas can significantly affect prices. This includes proximity to wooded recreational areas and increasing proportions of forested area within a neighbourhood. The effect of small forested parks in a neighbourhood is unclear, however.& Tyrväinen, Liisa
Väänänen, Hannu 1998f_The economic value of urban forest amenities: an application of the contingent valuation method,"Landscape and Urban Planning43105-118 \Veconomics, contingent valuation, urban forests, forest patches, economic functionality This article assesses the benefits of urban forests in Joensuu, Finland, with the use of the contingent valuation method (CVM). Issues regarding the use of surveys to identify preferences and willingness to pay are discussed. The research concludes that while willingness to pay changes with season, area and location, residents are willing to pay for the use of forests, and are also willing to pay to prevent the conversion of forests to other uses. This may differ, however, based on environment and cultural values.(!Tyrväinen, Liisa
Miettinen, Anttie 20000*Property prices and urban forest amenities81Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,39205-223B;hedonic price model, forest patches, economic functionalityln
g
This study implicitly values the amenity of urban forests in the district of Salo, Finland, with the use of a hedonic regression model. The results suggest that a one kilometer increase in distance from an urban forest results in a 5.9 percent decrease in the sale value of the house, and that dwellings in the area with a view are about 4.9% more expensive.i2+Wickham, J. D.,
O'Neill, R. V.,
Jones K. B.n 20004-Forest fragmentation as an economic indicatorLandscape Ecology15171-179��economic geography, geographic information systems (GIS), land-cover change, land use modeling, urban gradient, economic functionality`ZGeographic gradient of urbanization pressure, or demand for land, was calculated using splining based on "distance-decay" and "retail gravity" theory. Basically they built a surface map of urbanization pressure based on the population:distance ratio from multiple urban centers. This gradient was 'moderately' correlated with forest fragmentation (grid analysis) and 'strongly' correlated with land-cover change (NDVI). They speculate that forest pattern was also influenced by local and historical factors (unexplained variation). The building of a geographic gradient might be a useful technique.Wilhelmsson, MatsP 2000HAThe impact of traffic noise on the values of single-family housest60Journal of Environmental Planning and Management43
6799-81560Wilson, John D
Kohlhase, Janet E
Strawn, Sabrina 19996/Quality of life and comparative risk in HoustonUrban Ecosystems
3113-129t"Wu, Jianguo
Loucks, Orie L.l 1995XRFrom balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology&The Quarterly Review of Biologyc70
4439-466ÿDecember60patch dynamics, hierarchy, theoretical framework�|This provides a good review of complex systems theory. It takes the ideas further than Innes adn Booher (1999), in that it adds the concepts of hierarchy and patch dynamics. The argument is made that complex systems are hierarchically orbanized. This leads to two key points: (1) a focal level can be defined; and (2) once a focal level is defined the relevance of other time/space processes can be determined. Another strenght of this article is the fact that the theory is applied as part of the Pheonix LTER. It explains how the theory is used to build and relate models and how patch hierarhcies are defined and scales changed. Wu, Jianguo
David, John L. 2002pjA spatially explicit hierarchical approach to modeling complex ecological systems: theory and applicationsEcological Modelling 153 7-26¨¡complex systems modeling, hierarchical patch dynamics, hierarchical modeling, scaling, urban landscape ecology, theoretical framework, complex systems, hierarchye´­Read: Adrienne
This article provides a good review of complex systems theory. It takes the ideas further than Innes and Booher (1999), in that it adds the concepts of hierarchy and patch dynamics. The argument is made that complex systems are hierarchically organized. This leads to two key points: (1) a focal level can be defined; and (2) once a focal level is defined the relevance of other time/space scale processes can be determined. Another strength of this article is the fact that the theory is applied as part of current research in the Phoenix LTER. It explains how the theory is used to build and relate models and how patch hierarchies are defined and scales changed. RLZipperer, Wayne C.
Sisinni, Susan M.
Pouyat, Richard V.
Foresman, Timothy W. 19972+Urban tree cover: an ecological perspectiveUrban Ecosystems
1229-246Michael L. Morrison, B. G. M. R. W. M., Ed. (1998). Wildlife-habitat relationships : concepts & applications.
Provides a broad but advanced understanding of habitat relationships applicable to terrrestrial species. Also includes ccoverage of spatial analysis, landscape ecology, animal populations and their quantification, behavioral studies. Covers the growing field of landscape ecology, including habtiat heterogeneity and responses of wildlife on habitat

Midgley, G. and Ochoa-Arias, A. E. 1999. Visions of community for community OR. Omega-International Journal of Management Science 27(2): 259-274.
community operational research; critical management science;
community; politics; historical investigation; participative
democracy
operational-research; subsidiarity; liberalism; systems; state
Cited Reference Count: 126
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GREGORY WJ, 1994, TRENT QUALITY INITIA
GUBA E, 1989, 4 GENERATION
HARRINGTON M, 1985, POLITICS GODS FUNERA
HAUERWAS S, 1981, COMMUNITY CHARACTER
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The purpose of this paper is to open space for a debate about normative visions of community and their implications for community OR. It is argued that, if practitioners do not reflect on the different visions that it is possible to promote, then there is a danger that they will default to the understanding of community that is implicit in the liberal/capitalist tradition currently dominant in the West (and increasingly most of the rest of the world). Some may be happy with this, but for those who wish to consider the value of alternative political traditions, there is a need for explicit reflection on the different possible meanings of the term 'community'. To clarify some of the choices available to community OR practitioners, three major political traditions are reviewed (liberalism, Marxism and communitarianism), as well as sub-divisions of these, and the paper asks: what kind of community OR practice would support each one? In all, eight different (sometimes overlapping) forms of community OR practice are identified, each of which is capable of promoting a different normative vision of community. There are therefore substantial political choices open to those involved ire community OR. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Milat, A. J., Stubbs, J., Engelhard, S., Weston, P., Giles-Corti, B. and Fitzgerald, S. 2002. Measuring physical activity in public open space - an electronic device versus direct observation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26(1): 50-51.
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SALLIS JF, 1999, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BE
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Objective: To evaluate the practicality and validity of using infra-red beam counters (IRBCs) to measure walking path use and overall park use. Method: Direct observation was carried out simultaneously with IRBC data collection in five parks on seven non-consecutive days during February-March in 1998 and on matched days in 1999. A second validation study was undertaken in one park in October 1999. Results: The IRBC over-estimated the observed number of people using walking paths by 14% to 78%. When assessed by path volume, the difference between the IRBC and observer ranged from 10% under-estimation to 16% over- estimation. In a more rigorous evaluation of path volume the IRBC under-estimated the observed count by 20%. The extent to which the IRBC equated with the number of observed park users varied from 69% underestimation to no difference, Conclusion: IRBCs are not appropriate for measuring the number of people engaging in physical activity in parks, Implications: IRBCs cannot replace direct observation for the collection of valid data on physical activity participation in parks. Further research is needed to determine settings in which electronic devices such as IRBCs may provide valid data on physical activity participation.

Miller, J. R. and Hobbs, N. T. 2000. Recreational trails, human activity, and nest predation in lowland riparian areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 50(4): 227-236.
birds; trail; predation
artificial nests; quail eggs; forest fragmentation; national-
park; house wrens; birds; corridors; habitat; edge; behavior
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In areas of human settlement, greenways and open-space land are often intended to serve recreational purposes as well as provide wildlife habitat, but the compatibility of these goals is uncertain. We examined the effect of recreational trails on the risk of nest predation and nest predator activity at four lowland riparian sites along the Front Range of Colorado. At one site on each of two streams, we placed a transect of artificial nests near a recreational trail and another transect on the opposite side of the stream, We also placed another transect of nests at a second site on each stream that was not associated with a recreational trail. In 1995, nests were baited with quail eggs; in 1996 a clay egg was also added to nests to aid us in nest predator identification. Artificial nests are not perfect surrogates for natural nests, but are useful in generating hypotheses about causes of nest failure and for detecting changes in predator assemblages. Overall, predation rates were high (93%). There were significant differences in vulnerability to predation on the different transect types, with a tendency for predation rates to increase with distance from trails. There was a significant effect of time with a greater risk of predation in 1996. In 1996, 83% of the clay eggs that were recovered showed signs of predation. House Wrens destroyed 11% of the clay eggs; impressions from Black-billed Magpies, Blue Jays, and Common Grackles were found on 69%; mice preyed on 25%; and squirrels on 12% of the eggs. Birds attacked more nests near trails than away from trails, whereas mammals appeared to avoid nests near trails to some extent. These results support the contention that recreational trails and human activity may affect nesting success for some species, and suggest that patterns of nest predation reflect the unique, and sometimes, counter-intuitive responses of individual predator species. Rather than relying on simplistic assumptions about the compatibility of recreation and wildlife, it is important to consider how individual species respond to the habitat alteration and human activity associated with trails when deciding where trails should be located and in developing overall conservation strategies in human-dominated areas. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Miyawaki, A. and Golley, F. B. 1993. Forest Reconstruction as Ecological Engineering. Ecological Engineering 2(4): 333-345.
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LEVISTRAUSS C, 1962, SAVAGE MIND
MIYAWAKI A, 1978, HDB JAPANESE VEGETAT
MIYAWAKI A, 1985, INT J BIOMETEOROL S1, V29, P197
MIYAWAKI A, 1983, OKOLOGISCHE VEGETATI, V22
MIYAWAKI A, 1977, VEGETATION FAUNA, P87
MIYAWAKI A, 1980, VEGETATION JAPAN, V1
MIYAWAKI A, 1988, VEGETATION MAPPING, P427
MIYAWAKI A, 1988, WORLD COMMUNITY POST, P130
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Land restoration involves reconstruction of the native biota in a sustainable form. If reconstruction involves deliberate manipulation of biological organisms and the physical-chemical environment to achieve specific human goals, it qualifies as ecological engineering. Restoration which uses natural processes to achieve endpoints which are unpredictable but can be accepted because they are ''natural'' is not ecological engineering. In Japan a system of forest reconstruction has been developed which is based on knowledge of the potential vegetation of a site, knowledge of the methods of germination and growth of the species which compose the mature vegetation and a method of site preparation and planting. This ecological engineering approach has been used on 285 sites, in a variety of habitats, to form dense stands of vegetation to hide industrial complexes, control visual, noise and chemical pollution, stabilize soil and beaches and provide urban green space. The technique has also been used to restore tropical rain forest.

Mortberg, U. and Wallentinus, H. G. 2000. Red-listed forest bird species in an urban environment - assessment of green space corridors. Landscape and Urban Planning 50(4): 215-226.
red-listed forest birds; greenways; greenbelt; green space
corridors; urban; suburban; planning
habitat fragmentation; black woodpecker; landscape;
consequences; gis
Cited Reference Count: 45
Cited References:
*MUN SOLL, 1991, ENV PROT PLAN MUN SO
*NAT LANDS SWED, 1991, GREEN MAP T5 VERS
*OFF REG PLANN URB, 1992, GREEN SPAC CORR STOC
*OFF REG PLANN URB, 1996, GREEN SPAC STRUCT ST
*OFF REG PLANN URB, 1990, GREENB STOCKH
*SWED EPA, 1978, BIOL INV NORM
*SWED SPAC CORP, 1991, LAND COV CLASS SWED
AHERN J, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V33, P131
AHLEN I, 1996, SWEDISH RED DATA BOO
ANDREASSIAN B, 1997, ANN CARDIOL ANGEIOL, V46, P171
ANDREN H, 1997, OIKOS, V80, P193
ANDREN H, 1994, OIKOS, V71, P355
BASCHAK LA, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V33, P211
BOLGER DT, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P406
BOTKIN DB, 1997, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V1, P3
COLLINGE SK, 1996, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V36, P59
DETTMERS R, 1999, ECOL APPL, V9, P152
ESSEEN PA, 1997, ECOLOGICAL B, V46, P16
FORMAN RTT, 1996, CONSERVATION FAUNAL, P537
FORMAN RTT, 1986, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
FORMAN RTT, 1997, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V37, P129
FRIDZEN KE, 1996, FAGLAR STOCKHOLMSTRA, V3, P134
GARDNER RH, 1993, HUMANS COMPONENTS EC, P208
HARMS WB, 1998, KEY CONCEPTS LANDSCA, P239
HOGMAN PG, 1997, FAGLAR STOCKHOLMSTRA, V2, P84
JONGMAN RHG, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V32, P169
LINEHAN J, 1995, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V33, P179
LUNIAK M, 1990, URBAN ECOLOGICAL STU
MCGARIGAL K, 1995, 351 GTR PNW US FOR S
MIKUSINSKI G, 1995, ECOGRAPHY, V18, P363
MORTBERG UM, 1998, KEY CONCEPTS LANDSCA, P239
MORTBERG UM, 1996, THESIS ROYAL I TECHN
OPDAM P, 1995, IBIS, V137, P139
OPDAM P, 1993, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY ST
SAUNDERS DA, 1991, CONSERV BIOL, V5, P18
SAUVAJOT RM, 1998, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, V2, P279
SEILER A, 1997, P INT C HAB FRAGM IN, P253
SJOGRENGULVE P, 1996, METAPOPULATIONS WILD
SVENSSON S, 1999, SWIDISH BIRD ATLAS
SWETNAM RD, 1998, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V41, P3
TJERNBERG M, 1996, BIRD FAUNA UPPLAN S2
TJERNBERG M, 1993, ORNIS FENNICA, V70, P155
VANLANGEVELDE F, 1994, LANDSCAPE PLANNING E, P27
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348AR
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The aim of this work was to investigate if the forest remnants of the city and the system of green space corridors could support target species for conservation, in the form of red- listed forest bird species, to show through the presence of the target species what habitat qualities are still possible near cities, and to reveal those features and properties of the landscape structure that were important in this sense. The findings could be used for developing guidelines for design of urban green space corridors. A spatial analysis was performed, covering the landscape in the study area and 67 sample sites with natural vegetation, within and outside of the green space corridors. Breeding forest birds were recorded and breeding of target species in the sample sites as functions of landscape descriptors was tested using logistic regression. Seven red- listed forest bird species were found breeding in the sample sites. Considering them as indicators of habitat qualities, the results would imply that the qualities of the urban and suburban forests were due to a vast range of deciduous forest, especially broad-leaved, and possibly also to a lower intensity of forestry than in rural areas, resulting in a sufficient number of mature and decaying trees. The logistic regression models showed that important properties of remnants of natural vegetation were large areas of forest on rich soils, together with connectivity in the form of amounts of this habitat in the landscape. These properties were associated with the green space corridors. Implications for the design of urban green space corridors would be to treat mature and decaying trees and patches of moist deciduous forest as a resource for vulnerable species, and to conserve large areas of natural vegetation together with a network of important habitats in the whole landscape, in this case forest on rich soils, also in built-up areas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Mullauer-Seichter, W. 2001. The use of urban green space: Between private and public, aesthetic and economic gain. La-Casa-de-Campo, park of Madrid. Revista De Dialectologia Y Tradiciones Populares 56(1): 163-181.
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CAVANILLES AJ, 1797, OBSERVACIONWS SOBRE
FERNANDEZDELOSR.A, 1876, GUIA MADRID MANUAL M
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GIMENOPASCUAL AM, 1981, JARDINES CLASICOS MA, P67
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NAVASCUES P, 1998, JARDIN NATURALEZA RE
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RUBIODIAZ A, 1993, NATURALEZA URBANIZAD
SIMONPALMER MC, 1991, RETIRO
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The author analyzes the perception of public open green areas in Madrid. Through the study of the 'Casa de Campo' park, she aims to show how this green area has been used in different ways. The Casa de Campo has both an aesthetic and economic purpose. In Northern Europe, open areas such a this one are often places which people use for contemplation and solitude; in contrast, in Southern Europe people tend to utilize these parks aas meeting arenas for socializing.

Murphy, M. T. 2001. Source-sink dynamics of a declining Eastern Kingbird population and the value of sink habitats. Conservation Biology 15(3): 737-748.
reproductive success; balanced dispersal; capture-recapture;
migratory birds; metapopulation; demography; viability; models;
fragmentation; environments
Cited Reference Count: 56
Cited References:
1997, CENSUS AGR NATL STAT
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BLONDEL J, 1992, LANDSCAPE ECOL, V6, P213
BROWNIE C, 1993, BIOMETRICS, V49, P1173
CADE TJ, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P21
CLOBERT J, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P75
CONROY MJ, 1995, ECOL APPL, V5, P17
CROXALL JP, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P272
DIFFENDORFER JE, 1998, OIKOS, V81, P417
DOAK DF, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1370
DONCASTER CP, 1997, AM NAT, V150, P425
DONOVAN TM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1380
DONOVAN TM, 1995, CONSERV BIOL, V9, P1396
GAONA P, 1998, ECOL MONOGR, V68, P349
HAGAN JM, 1993, AUK, V110, P863
HARRIS MP, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P230
HARRISON S, 1991, BIOL J LINN SOC, V42, P73
HATCHWELL BJ, 1996, J APPL ECOL, V33, P1114
HOLMES RT, 1996, J ANIM ECOL, V65, P183
HOWE RW, 1991, BIOL CONSERV, V57, P239
JORGENSEN SE, 1994, FUNDAMENTALS ECOLOGI
LACK D, 1966, POPULATION STUDIES B
LANDE R, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P566
LEBRETON JD, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P105
LEBRETON JD, 1992, ECOL MONOGR, V62, P67
LITVAITIS JA, 1993, CONSERV BIOL, V7, P866
LOERY G, 1997, AUK, V114, P431
MCCOY TD, 1999, J WILDLIFE MANAGE, V63, P530
MCPEEK MA, 1992, AM NAT, V140, P1010
MUMME RL, 2000, CONSERV BIOL, V14, P501
MURPHY DD, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P3
MURPHY MT, 1997, AM MIDL NAT, V138, P344
MURPHY MT, 1996, BIRDS N AM, P1
MURPHY MT, 1996, CONDOR, V98, P83
MURPHY MT, 2000, ECOL MONOGR, V70, P1
MURPHY MT, 2001, IN PRESS ECOLOGY
PEARSON DL, 1980, MIGRANT BIRDS NEOTRO, P273
PETERSON S, 1993, STELLA 2 TECHNICAL D
POLLOCK KH, 1990, WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS, V107
PULLIAM HR, 1988, AM NAT, V132, P652
PULLIAM HR, 1994, B ECOLOGICAL SOC SEP, P141
PULLIAM RH, 1991, AM NAT, V137, PS51
PURCELL KL, 1998, CONSERV BIOL, V12, P442
REED JM, 1998, WILDLIFE SOC B, V26, P244
ROBINSON SK, 1995, SCIENCE, V267, P1987
ROGERS CM, 1997, CONDOR, V99, P622
SAETHER BE, 1998, AM NAT, V151, P441
SAETHER BE, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P628
STACEY PB, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P18
THOMAS CD, 1999, J ANIM ECOL, V68, P647
WATKINSON AR, 1995, J ANIM ECOL, V64, P126
WIENS JA, 1996, METAPOPULATIONS WILD, P53
WOOLFENDEN GE, 1991, BIRD POPULATION STUD, P542
WOOTTON JT, 1992, ECOL APPL, V2, P307
441HY
CONSERV BIOL
I developed a demographic model for species inhabiting a mosaic of habitats of varying quality and among which dispersal was limited only by territorial behavior I used the model to describe an ongoing decline of an Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) population breeding in the Charlotte Valley of central New York and to explore the possibility that the population utilized a network of source-sink habitats Population size declined in upland and floodplain habitats between 1989 and 1999, but remained stable along a riparian zone (the "creek"). Population size after 10 years was predicted accurately when I used the empirically observed habitat-specific rates of adult survival, productivity and adult dispersal among habitats and assumed a 5% rate of immigration into the upland. Simulation of the effect of density-dependent variation in reproductive, success or a small increase in adult survival in all habitats failed to improve the model's predictive ability. The model indicated that none of the subpopulations teas self-sustaining over 50 years and that population decline was driven by declining adult survival. Further analyses, however, showed that small increases in adult survival along the creek! changed the creek habitat into a source and reversed population trends. Simulation of realistic rates of habitat loss as a result of forest maturation did not affect predicted population size at 50 years, but, assuming that the area of pasture and grazed lands continues to decline at current rates, the king bird population is predicted to become extinct locally within 40 years. Riparian zones appear to be source habitats for kingbirds and should be targeted for protection. Sink habitats were also important because in every year most of the king bird population bred on the floodplain or in the upland and many floodplain birds later dispersed to the creek. Preservation of open space is thus critical for maintenance of kingbird populations in eastern North America.

Nelson, A. C. 1992. Preserving Prime Farmland in the Face of Urbanization - Lessons from Oregon. Journal of the American Planning Association 58(4): 467-488.
agricultural protection program; residential land market; open
space protection; urban-growth; use act; policy; greenbelt
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BROWN H, 1978, D7810 HARV U DEP CIT
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CLAWSON M, 1962, LAND ECON, P99
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COUGHLIN R, 1984, EVALUATION EFFECT FA
CURRIER BA, 1978, U FLORIDA LAW REV, V30, P821
DANIELS TL, 1986, J AM PLANN ASSOC, V52, P22
DANIELS TL, 1990, J RURAL STUD, V6, P331
DANIELS TL, 1986, J RURAL STUD, V2, P31
DAVIS JS, 1990, COMMUTING PATTERNS E
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J AMER PLANN ASSN
This article combines theory and a literature review with empirical and descriptive findings to demonstrate that Oregon's mix of policies is effective in preserving prime farmland in the face of urbanization. Exclusive farm use zones preserve farmland for farming; urban growth boundaries limit urban sprawl; exurban districts accommodate the demand for rural residential development without harming commercial farm operations; farm tax deferral and right-to-farm laws create incentives for farmers to keep farming; and comprehensive plans legitimize the entire package. This article proposes a comprehensive scheme for farmland preservation that expands on the experience of Oregon, including its mistakes.

Nilsson-Christer, G.-G. 1995. ut how our research can be used and about the policy choices that influence the patches we hope to study.,&Banks, J. C.
Brack, C. L.
James, R. N. 1999f_Modelling changes in dimensions, health status, and arboricultural implications for urban treesUrban Ecosystems
335-43.'urban forests, ecological functionalitylfThis article appears to provide a good example of how urban trees have been studied and characterized.$Botkin, D. B.
Beveridge, C. E. 1997Cities as environmentsUrban Ecosystems
1a 3-19"urban ecology, urban forests¨
¡
This article is the introduction to the journal Urban Ecosystems. It defines the themes that have characterized discussions about cities being considered as ecosystems themselves, including the beauty of natural parks, urban demographics, specific trends in city planning, and the idea of cities being considered as habitat. Los Angeles is described as a case study to demonstrate specific arguments of the authors.o4-Bramston, Paul
Pretty, Grace
Chipuer, Heather 2002haUnravelling subjective quality of life: an investigation of individual and community determinantsa Social Indicators Research59261-274social functionalityvpThis article appears to be one that will be very helpful in thinking about our measures of social functionality.*$Brown, Barbara B.
Cropper, Vivian L. 2001^WNew urban and standard suburban subdivisions: evaluating psychological and social goalss2,Journal of the American Planning Association67
4APA JournalrlNew Urbanist,, subdivision, Salt Lake City, sense of community, neighborliness, social functionality, surveyPIMay be good to look at survey methods for measuring social functionality.
& Calthorpe, Peter
Fulton, William 2001Regionalism and SprawlWashington, D. C.Island Press 302HT 392 C28 2001*#sprawl, regionalism, design, policyf

It is interesting in that the first chapter discusses the economic region, the social region, and the ecological region - but not related to forest functionality directly. Provides a brief history of Seattle growth (1970's - present). Plate of Issaquah Highlands.':4Christakopoulou, Sophia
Dawson, Jon
Gari, Aikaterini 2001xrThe community well-being questionnaire: theoretical context and initial assessment of its reliability and validity Social Indicators Research56321-351*$social functionality, survey methodsª¤The article appears to apply directly to our task of assessing social functionality both in terms of defining social function and designing a method of measurement.<5Correll, Mark R.
Lillydahl, Jane H.
Singell, Larry D.e 1978tnThe effects of greenbelts on residential property values: some findings on the political economy of open spaceLand Economics54
2207-217>7hedonic price model, open space, economic functionalityeP
I
This paper assesses the economic effects of greenbelts in Boulder, CO, through hedonic price modeling. The research indicates that while there is a statistically significant, negative correlation between distance and residential housing price, there is no relationship between housing price and view of the Great Boulder Valley.oCostanza, Robert 2000:4Social goals and the valuation of ecosystem services Ecosystems
3
1 4-100*economic valuation, economic functionalityx
r
The author provides a general assessment of the implicit approach used under the current economic system to evaluate ecosystem services, in the light of the efficiency of tradeoffs and choices. He proposes an alternative ethical standard, which incorporates ecological sustainability, social fairness, and economic efficiency in decisions made about natural resources.~wDale, V. H.
Brown, S.
Haeuber, R. A.
Hobbs, N. T.
Huntly, N.
Naiman, R. J.
Riebsame, W. E.
Turner, M. G.
Valone, T. J.e 2000LEEcological principles and guidelines for managing the use of the landEcological Applications10
3639-670àÚconservation, distrubance, ecological processes, ecosystem function, environmental policy, keystone species. land management, land use, ecological principles, landscape, nonnative species, planning, settlement patterns@9De Wet, Andrew P.
Richardson, Jonathan
Olympia, Catherinel 1998\UInteractions of land-use history and current ecology in a recovering "urban wildland"\Urban Ecosystems
2²237-262urban ecosystemd
]
This paper describes the land use history and the ecology of a former industrial site in Lancaster County, PA, that is recovering from ecological impacts. It does briefly address the implications of conversion to green space / recreational uses, but is more of a descriptive article than a broader discussion of the implications of land conversion.Diener, Ed
Suh, Eunkook  1997LFMeasuring quality of life: economic, social, and subjective indicators Social Indicators Research40189-21681Dovciak, Martin
Frelich, Lee E.
Reich, Peter B.e 2001piDiscordance in spatial patterns of white pine (Pinus strobus) size-classes in a patchy near-boreal foresteThe Journal of Ecology89
2f 280}Dow, Kirstin 200082Social dimensions of gradients in urban ecosystemsUrban Ecosystems
4r255-275crlurban ecosystem, gradient, environmental history, urbanization, urban gradient, social functionality, theory*#This article addresses the need to include social dimensions in landscape-ecology style studies of urban ecosystems. The author introduces three social dimensions that should be added to characteristics defining urban gradients: 1) land use, 2) land management effort, 3) historical context. It has a nice discussion/table illustrating historical social changes/happenings affecting urban ecology. The article is a nice discussion of gradient related social issues but does not really meet our current needs/ thoughts on 'social functionality'.fEhrenfeld, Joanh 20002+Evaluating wetlands within an urban context0Urban Ecosystems
4o69-85v>7”/:*´=p
1pì82Erickson, Donna L
Ryan, Robert L
De Young, Raymond 2002tnWoodlots in the rural landscape: landowner motivations and management attitudes in a Michigan (USA) case study"Landscape and Urban Planning58101-112tHAsocial functionality, social survey methods, social functionalityu´­This study seeks to explain and understand what is important to and motivates landowners of rural, non-industrial private forests (NIPFs). The amount of forest in the Michigan study areas is increasing, mainly because of a change in who is buying these lands. A mail-survey is used to assess the motivations behind ownership of these NIPFs. Results indicated that aesthetic reasons and environmental protection ranked highest among landowner reasons for retaining forest on their lands, economic benefits ranked 3rd. 'Wildlife habitat' and 'add beauty' were the highest rated individual items. While the overall trend was the same for both groups (1.aesthetic/2.environmental protection/3.economic) farmers rated economic reasons higher than non-farmers. The survey also explored owners views, effortsand knowledge about management of these areas. It is another good social survey source both in terms of examples of results/questions and for refs and methods of developing survey; also interesting for results--ranking of motivations, but may be very different in an area closer to lg city (or in the study site in 20yrs). It also highlight benefits/importance of private forest patches.nEwing, R. H. 1994HBCharacteristics, causes and effects of sprawl: a literature review$Environmental and Urban IssuesWinter 1994b 1-15*$Sprawl, review, social functionality 
�
The physical characteristics, causes, and effects of sprawl must b understood before sprawl acan be effectively regulated. Relying on the literature in the field, this paper provides a conceptual framework against which DCA's proposed sprawl rule can be judged an upon which the final rule can rest. Review includes 'costs of sprawl' references including 'psychic costs' which relate to social functionalitye4-Filion, Pierre
Bunting, Trudi
Warriner, Keith 1999piThe entrenchment of urban dispersion: residential preferences and location patterns in the dispersed city
Urban Studiesÿ36
8ÿ 1317-1347ÿ$sprawl, theoretical frameworkmhaThis article may aid us in defining our gradient and understanding the pattern of forest patches.o@:Geoghegan, Jacqueline
Wainger, Lisa A.
Bockstael, Nancy E. 1997b\Spatial landscape indices in a hedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GISEcological Economics23
3l251-2649>7hedonic price model, open space, economic functionalityt��This paper presents a hedonic price model for residential property in the Washington DC area. The researchers used spatial data from a GIS datavase to develop landscape indices to include in this mode, specifically the diversity and fragmentation indices within a 0.1 and 1.0 km radius. The analysis indicates that within a 0.1 km radius, the effect of percentage open space is significant and positive, but within a 1.0 km radius, the effect is significant and negative. The authors suggest that the latter effect is due to the absence of urban services. In the larger buffer, forestry and agricultural uses also tend to decrease propert values.Geoghegan, Jacquelinec 200260The value of open spaces in residential land useLand Use Policyn1991-98t@9hedonic price model, open space, ecological functionalitytH
A
This article presents a hedonic price model for Howard County, MD, to demonstrate the differences in the effects of "permanent" and "developable" open space. The results show that the effects of "permanent" open space on property values are approximately three times greater than the effects of "developable" open space.t$Germann-Chiari, C.
Seeland, K. 2003´®Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research"Forest Policy and Economics ��Social integration, urban green spaces, urban forestry, geographical information system (GIS), census, social functionality, methodm("The objective of this ongoing research is to analyse the social potential of urban green spaces to create opportunities to integrate youths, elderly people, foreigners, unemployed and other social groups into the urban life of large Swiss agglomerations. Urban green-space data are linked with social demographic datat for these particular social groups. Three large cities in the different language regions of Switzerland have been selected for a comparative study: Geneva (French-speaking), Lugano(Italian-speaking) and Zurich (German-speaking). The green-space data derived from vector25, the digital landscape model in a vector format of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography, and the social demographic data from the 1990 Swiss census are compiled for further processing with the geographical information systems ArcInfo and ArcView. In this way, a contribution to the development of a GIS-based research methodology is made. The goal of this approach is to obtain a highly aggregated planning tool for urban forestry and green-space development.�{Abstract only, article in press. Method of integrating census data with urban green space data should be worth looking at.*$Goulder, Lawrence H.
Kennedy, DonaldLEValuing ecosystem services: philosophical bases and empirical methods ask Marina23-47*$Grove, J Morgan
Burch, William R, Jr 1997voA social ecology approach and applications of urban and landscape analyses: a case study of Baltimore, MarylandUrban Ecosystems
1 259-275n$theory, theoretical framework B;A good account of the history of 'urban ecology' and how its roots began at the same time as plant and animal ecology but was primarily viewed apart from it 'human ecology'. Authors now stress move back to this linkage but considering humans as one would any other social creature. Case is made that neither strict 'ecology' approaches nor straight sociological approaches are adequate to answer urban ecology questions, a middle-ground or combination of the two are needed. One example question is very similar to our research interests. The article is a good source for theory and background sort of a justification/history of urban ecology approach. As mentioned above, one of their example ?s is very close to what we are trying to do. They also provide examples of how different info can be meshed together using gis (nothing earth shattering); my favorite quote: 'However, a common confusion among many life scientists who do not study people or other social species is that measurements of human communities are difficult if not impossible....' so take heart DAJA! 5�
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Levenson, James B 1997f`Understory plant species composition in remnant stands along an urban-to-rural land-use gradientUrban Ecosystems
1155-169NHgradient, urban gradient, ecological functionality, vegetative community”�The article appears to be very applicable to our study in terms of vegetation in remnant forest patches as well as the use of urban gradient.xqHarwell, Chirstine C.
Deren, Christopher W.
Snyder, George H.
Soliecki, William D.
Wilson, James
Harwell, Mark A.g 1999��Use of a conceptual model of societal drivers of ecological change in South Florida: Implications of an ecosystem management scenarioÿUrban Ecosystems
3ÿ345-358ÿvohuman-dominated ecosystem, conceptual model, restoration scenarios, societal implications, social functionalityª£This is really an article that only peripherally applied to our project. It breaks societal factors down into ownership, use and control of resources, and policy. Societal drivers are another category that includs values, technology, economy, population, and institutions. A third category is 'quality of life' that deals with access, income, employment, and the willingness of the public to live in a 'low impact' manner. The article is really aimed at the assessment of restoration efforts and potential in Florida. Therefore, the aim of the study differs from ours. The value comes in the way in which the factors affecting restoration are organized and identified. PJHepinstall, Jeffrey A.
Marzluff, John M.
Handcock, Mark S.
Hurvitz, Philip 2003�{Incorporating resource utilization distributions into the study of resource selection: dealing with spatial autocorrelationÿDraftÿÌÆhabitat selection, habitat use, kernel, multiple regression, resource selection, resource utilization function, Stellar's jay, spatial autocorrelation, utilization distribution, spatial data
methods82It examines and raises issues we willl have to deal with in terms of the spatial nature of our data. The article assumes a large amount of knowledge in terms of typically utilized methodologies for manipulating and understanding spatial data. We will likely be better served just talking to Jeff. An additional 'take home' message of the article is that the quality of an estimation is truly reflective of the quality of data on which it is based. As obvious as it seems, it is a good thing to keep in mind when you begin using data in more abstract manners.$Hostetler, Mark
Holling, C. S. 2000RLDetecting the scales at which birds respond to structure in urban landscapesUrban Ecosystems
425-54("Hostetler, Mark
Knowles-Yanez, Kim 2002NHLand use, scale, and bird distributions in the Phoenix metropolitan area"Landscape and Urban Planning 936f 1-14(!Innes, Judith E.
Booher, David E.o 1999TNMetropolitan development as a complex system: A new approach to sustainability$Economic Develpoment Quarterly13
2141-156vpurban development, sustainable development, land use, metropolitan areas, theoretical framework, complex systemsÔÍIt provides a general description of complex systems and argues that complexity theory is an appropriate framework within which to examine urban systems. " a conception of the social, political, and economic world as a complex, self-organizing, adaptive system, parallel to those being identified in the physical and biological sciences, .." California is used as an illustration of the complexity of urban systems and to illustrate the limitations of current/past approaches. It includes a limited literature review. The article ultimately takes a final step arguing that complex systems provide new insights to sustainability. The application of the framework is broken into 3 parts: indicators (system indicators, performance measures, rapid feedback), consensus building, and leadership. The application ideals are just that, Ideal. While good points are brought up, they are not terribly practical. Other articles may be better descriptions of complex systems.t("Iverson, Louis R
Cook, Elizabeth A 2000`YUrban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and incometUrban Ecosystems
4\105-124SB<economic functionality, social functionality, remote sensing(!This paper describes efforts to use LandSat Thematic Mapper data to identify landcover classes. Landcover for the greater Chicago area is then inventoried, paying particular attention to urban vegetation. Methods for classifying and utilizing LandSat TM data are described. Also discusses the successes of forest preserve systems for retaining forests in hig